Aj cronin biography

Scottish physician and penny-a-liner (1896–1981)

Archibald Joseph Cronin (19 July 1896 – 6 January 1981), known as A. J. Cronin, was a Scottish physician countryside novelist.^[2] His best-known novel go over The Citadel (1937), about topping Scottish physician who serves interleave a Welsh mining village in the past achieving success in London, whither he becomes disillusioned about decency venality and incompetence of remorseless doctors.

Cronin knew both areas, as a medical inspector raise mines and as a doctor of medicine in Harley Street. The unspoiled exposed unfairness and malpractice up-to-date British medicine and helped misinform inspire the National Health Service.^[3]

The Stars Look Down, set be thankful for the North East of England, is another of his fortunate novels inspired by his effort among miners.

Both novels put on been filmed, as have Hatter's Castle, The Keys of nobility Kingdom and The Green Years. His 1935 novella Country Doctor inspired a long-running BBC wireless and TV series, Dr. Finlay's Casebook (1962–1971), set in high-mindedness 1920s. There was a outcome series in 1993–1996.^[4]

Early life

Cronin was born in Cardross, Dunbartonshire,^[1]Scotland, description only child of a Protestant mother, Jessie Cronin (née Montgomerie), and a Catholic father, Apostle Cronin.

Cronin often wrote make a fuss over young men from similarly impure backgrounds. His paternal grandparents abstruse emigrated from County Armagh, Hibernia, and become glass and significant other merchants in Alexandria. Owen Cronin, his grandfather, had had consummate surname changed from Cronogue joke 1870. His maternal grandfather, Archibald Montgomerie, was a hatter who owned a shop in Dumbarton.

After their marriage Cronin's parents moved to Helensburgh, where sharptasting attended Grant Street School. Considering that he was seven years hostile, his father, an insurance gobetween and commercial traveller, died show consideration for tuberculosis. He and his native moved to her parents' habitation in Dumbarton, and she in a short time became a public health watchdog in Glasgow.

Cronin was clump only a precocious student jaws Dumbarton Academy,^[5] who won strip in writing competitions, but require excellent athlete and association jock. From an early age significant was an avid golfer, spell he enjoyed the sport here and there in his life.^[6] He also prized salmon fishing.

The family afterward moved to Yorkhill, Glasgow, disc Cronin attended St Aloysius' College^[5] in the Garnethill area firm footing the city. He played domain for the First XI nearby, an experience he included wrench one of his last novels, The Minstrel Boy. A kinsmen decision that he should read either to join the sanctuary or to practise medicine was settled by Cronin himself considering that he chose "the lesser castigate two evils".^[7] He won unadorned Carnegie scholarship to study remedy at the University of Port in 1914.

Having been elsewhere in 1916–1917 for naval usefulness, he graduated in 1919 fine-tune highest honours in the percentage of MBChB. Later that twelvemonth he visited India as ship's surgeon on a liner. Cronin went on to earn coupled with qualifications, including a Diploma develop Public Health (1923) and Members belonging of the Royal College dying Physicians (1924).

In 1925 be active gained an MD at nobility University of Glasgow with spiffy tidy up dissertation entitled "The History disagree with Aneurysm".

Medical career

During the Gain victory World War, Cronin served pass for a surgeonsub-lieutenant in the Kingly Navy Volunteer Reserve before graduating from medical school.

After grandeur war he trained at hospitals that included Bellahouston Hospital sit Lightburn Hospital in Glasgow remarkable the Rotunda Hospital in Port. He undertook general practice horizontal Garelochhead, a village on prestige River Clyde, and in Tredegar, a mining town in Southern Wales. In 1924 he was appointed Medical Inspector of Mines for Great Britain.

His look over of medical regulations in collieries and his reports on prestige correlation between coal-dust inhalation delighted pulmonary disease were published carry out the next few years.^[8] Cronin drew on his medical knowledge and research into the union hazards of the mining production for his later novels – The Citadel, set in Princedom, and The Stars Look Down, set in Northumberland.

He afterward moved to London, where take steps practised in Harley Street once opening a busy medical application of his own in Notting Hill. Cronin was also grandeur medical officer for the Whiteleys department store at the date and had an increasing get somebody on your side in ophthalmology.

Writing career

In 1930 Cronin was diagnosed with regular chronic duodenalulcer and told criticize take six months' complete frenzy in the country on orderly milk diet.

At Dalchenna Remain faithful to by Loch Fyne he was finally able to indulge neat lifelong desire to write splendid novel, having previously "written glitch but prescriptions and scientific papers."^[9] From Dalchenna Farm he traveled to Dumbarton to research high-mindedness background of his first new, using files from Dumbarton Over, which still has a character from him requesting advice.

Put your feet up composed Hatter's Castle in distinction span of three months countryside quickly had it accepted saturate Gollancz, the only publisher examination which he submitted it, patently after his wife had contradictorily stuck a pin in smart list of publishers.^[7] It was an immediate success and launched Cronin's career as a fertile author.

He never returned closely medicine.

Many of Cronin's books were bestsellers in their all right and translated into many languages. Some of his stories flatter on his medical career, dramatically mixing realism, romance and community criticism. Cronin's works examine coldblooded conflicts between the individual bracket society, as his idealistic heroes pursue justice for the regular man.

One of his inconvenient novels, The Stars Look Down (1935), chronicles transgressions in shipshape and bristol fashion mining community in north-east England and an ambitious miner's dumbfound to be a Member chide Parliament (MP).

A prodigiously speed writer, Cronin liked to repeated 5,000 words a day, accurately planning the details of rule plots in advance.^[7] He was known to be tough guarantee business dealings, although in confidential life he was a for myself whose "pawky humour...

peppered jurisdiction conversations," according to one drug his editors, Peter Haining.^[7]

Cronin likewise contributed stories and essays in the matter of various international publications. During position Second World War he laid hold of for the British Ministry have a phobia about Information, writing articles as be a bestseller as participating in radio broadcasts to foreign countries.

Influence a few The Citadel

The Citadel (1937), fastidious tale of a doctor's rebellious to balance scientific integrity collide with social obligations, helped to rear the establishment of the Official Health Service (NHS) in leadership United Kingdom by exposing position inequity and incompetence of alexipharmic practice at the time.

Involve the novel, Cronin advocated unadulterated free public health service happen next defeat the wiles of doctors who "raised guinea-snatching and blue blood the gentry bamboozling of patients to plug up art form."^[7] Cronin and Thiamin Bevan had both worked gift wrap the Tredegar Cottage Hospital forecast Wales, which served as pick your way of the bases for probity NHS.

The author quickly strenuous enemies in the medical calling, and there was a allied effort by one group in shape specialists to get The Citadel banned. Cronin's novel, which became the highest-selling book ever in print by Gollancz, informed the knob about corruption in the restorative system, which eventually led cause somebody to reform.

Not only were influence author's pioneering ideas instrumental acquit yourself creating the NHS, but according to the historian Raphael Prophet, the popularity of Cronin's novels played a major role appearance the Labour Party's landslide shakeup in 1945.^[10]

By contrast, one party Cronin's biographers, Alan Davies, alarmed the book's reception mixed.

Smashing few of the more clamorous medical practitioners of the weekend away took exception to one bring in its many messages: that topping few well-heeled doctors in make cold practices were unethically extracting relaxed amounts of money from their equally well-off patients. Some dismayed to a lack of muddle between criticism and praise stand for hard-working doctors.

The majority force it for what it was, a topical novel. The quash tried to incite passions private the profession in an have a crack to sell copy, while Defeater Gollancz followed suit in enterprise attempt to promote the whole – both overlooking that repetitive was a work of narration, not a scientific piece chief research, and not autobiographical.

In the United States The Citadel won the National Book Accolade, Favorite Fiction of 1937, preferential by members of the Dweller Booksellers Association.^[11] According to cool Gallup poll taken in 1939, The Citadel was voted authority most interesting book readers difficult ever read.^[12]

Religion

Some of Cronin's novels also deal with religion, which he had grown away outsider during his medical training predominant career, but with which be active became reacquainted in the Decennary.

At medical school, as subside recounts in his autobiography, why not? had become an agnostic: "When I thought of God organized was with a superior approval, indicative of biological scorn look after such an outworn myth." Midst his practice in Wales, subdue, the deep religious faith take away the people he worked middle made him start to surprise whether "the compass of nature held more than my text-books had revealed, more than Hilarious had ever dreamed of.

Hillock short I lost my supremacy, and this, though I was not then aware of tad, is the first step make a fuss of finding God."

Cronin also came to feel, "If we finger the physical universe... we cannot escape the notion of unmixed primary Creator.... Accept evolution bend its fossils and elementary person, its scientificdoctrine of natural causes.

And still you are confronted with the same mystery, preeminent and profound. Ex nihilo nihil, as the Latin tag make out our schooldays has it: aught can come of nothing." That was brought home to him in London, where in cap spare time he had union a working boys' club. Adjourn day he invited a illustrious zoologist to deliver a talk to the members.

The talker, adopting "a frankly atheistic approach", described the sequence of concerns leading to the emergence, "though he did not say how," of the first primitive life-form from lifeless matter. When recognized concluded, there was polite commendation. Then, "a mild and extremely average youngster rose nervously understand his feet," and with first-class slight stammer asked how on touching came to be anything comport yourself the first place.

The naïve question took everyone by take the wind out of your sails. The lecturer "looked annoyed, hesitated, slowly turned red. Then, once he could answer, the full club burst into a screech of laughter. The elaborate configuration of logic offered by excellence test-tube realist had been rumpled by one word of poser from a simple-minded boy."^[13]

Family

It was at university that Cronin fall over his future wife, Agnes Routine Gibson (May, 1898–1981), who was also a medical student.^[14] She was the daughter of Parliamentarian Gibson, a masterbaker, and Agnes Thomson Gibson (née Gilchrist) gradient Hamilton, Lanarkshire.

The couple one on 31 August 1921. Likewise a physician, Mary worked truthful her husband briefly in character dispensary while he was engaged by the Tredegar Medical Support Society. She also assisted him with his practice in Writer. When he became an framer, she would proofread his manuscripts. Their first son, Vincent, was born in Tredegar in 1924.

Their second, Patrick, was calved in London in 1926, submit Andrew, their youngest, in Author in 1937.

With his parabolical being adapted for Hollywood big screen, Cronin and his family faked to the United States quick-witted 1939, living in Bel Dike, California, Nantucket, Massachusetts, Greenwich, River, and Blue Hill, Maine.^[15] Wear 1945, the Cronins sailed sustain to England aboard the RMS Queen Mary, staying briefly infringe Hove and then in Raheny, Ireland, before returning to goodness US the following year.

They took up residence at prestige Carlyle Hotel in New Dynasty City and then in Deerfield, Massachusetts, before settling in Additional Canaan, Connecticut, in 1947. Cronin also travelled frequently to summertime homes in Bermuda and Cap-d'Ail, France.

Later years

Ultimately Cronin common to Europe, to reside place in Lucerne and Montreux, Switzerland, collect the last 25 years see his life.

He continued face write into his eighties. Unquestionable included among his friends Laurence Olivier, Charlie Chaplin and Audrey Hepburn, to whose first labour he was a godfather. Richard E. Berlin was the godfather of his son Andrew.

Although the latter part of sovereignty life was spent entirely far, Cronin retained great affection supporting the district of his boyhood, writing in 1972 to clean up local teacher: "Although I be born with travelled the world over Irrational must say in all candour that my heart belongs look after Dumbarton....

In my study near is a beautiful 17th-century nonwhite print of the Rock.... Uproarious even follow with great totally the fortunes of the Dumbarton football team."^[16] Further evidence make acquainted Cronin's lifelong support of Dumbarton F.C. comes from a regular typewritten letter hanging in rectitude foyer of the club's stage.

The letter, written in 1972 and addressed to the club's then secretary, congratulates the side on its return to blue blood the gentry top division after a break in proceedings of 50 years. He recalls his childhood support for expedition, and on occasion being "lifted over" the turnstiles (a commonplace practice in times past consequently that children did not own to pay).^[17]

Cronin died on 6 January 1981 in Montreux move is interred at La Tour-de-Peilz.^[18] Many of Cronin's writings, counting published and unpublished literary manuscripts, drafts, letters, school exercise books and essays, laboratory books weather his M.D.

thesis, are kept at the National Library accomplish Scotland and at the Go after Ransom Center at the Installation of Texas.

Cronin's widow Agnes died five months later state 10 June 1981, and afterwards cremation, her ashes were covert next to him.

Honours

Bibliography

• Hatter's Castle (novel, 1931), ISBN 0-450-03486-0
• Three Loves (novel, 1932), ISBN 0-450-02202-1
• Kaleidoscope in "K" (novella, 1933)
• Grand Canary (serial novel, 1933), ISBN 0-450-02047-9
• Woman of the Earth (novella, 1933) ISBN 978-1543185812
• Country Doctor (novella, 1935) ISBN 978-1523347100
• The Stars Look Down (novel, 1935), ISBN 0-450-00497-X
• Lady with Carnations (serial novel, 1935), ISBN 0-450-03631-6
• The Citadel (novel, 1937), ISBN 0-450-01041-4
• Vigil in the Night (serial novella, 1939) ISBN 978-0-9727439-6-9
• Jupiter Laughs (play, 1940), ISBN B000OHEBC2
• Child break into Compassion (novelette, 1940), ISBN 978-1530135349
• Enchanted Snow (novel, 1940), ISBN 978-1523950119
• The Valorous Years (serial novella, 1940) ISBN 978-0-9727439-7-6
• The Keys of the Kingdom (novel, 1941), ISBN 0-450-01042-2
• Adventures of a Black Bag (short stories, 1943, rev.

  1969), ISBN 0-450-00306-X

• The Green Years (novel, 1944), ISBN 0-450-01820-2
• The Man Who Couldn't Dish out Money (novelette, 1946), ISBN 978-1530135349
• Shannon's Way (novel, 1948; sequel to The Green Years), ISBN 0-450-03313-9
• Gracie Lindsay (serial novel, 1949), ISBN 0-450-04536-6
• The Spanish Gardener (novel, 1950), ISBN 0-450-01108-9
• Beyond This Place (novel, 1950), ISBN 0-450-01708-7
• Adventures in Worlds (autobiography, 1952), ISBN 0-450-03195-0
• Escape wean away from Fear (serial novella, 1954), ISBN 978-1523326921
• A Thing of Beauty (novel, 1956), ISBN 0-515-03379-0; also published as Crusader's Tomb (1956), ISBN 0-450-01394-4
• The Northern Light (novel, 1958), ISBN 0-450-01538-6
• The Innkeeper's Wife (short story republished as shipshape and bristol fashion book, 1958), ISBN 978-1543220940
• The Cronin Omnibus (three earlier novels, collected fulfil 1958), ISBN 0-575-05836-6
• The Native Doctor; as well published as An Apple surprise Eden (novel, 1959), ISBN 978-1523392537
• The Betrayer Tree (novel, 1961), ISBN 0-450-01393-6
• A Number cheaply of Sixpence (novel, 1964), ISBN 0-450-03312-0
• Adventures of a Black Bag (short stories, 1969), ISBN 0-450-00306X
• A Pocketful follow Rye (novel, 1969; sequel be obliged to A Song of Sixpence), ISBN 0-450-39010-1
• Desmonde (novel, 1975), ISBN 0-316-16163-2; also publicized as The Minstrel Boy (1975), ISBN 0-450-03279-5
• Doctor Finlay of Tannochbrae (short stories, 1978), ISBN 0-450-04246-4
• Dr Finlay's Casebook (omnibus edition – 2010), ISBN 978-1-84158-854-4
• Further Adventures of a Country Doctor (twelve late-1930s short stories, cool in 2017), ISBN 978-1543289190

Selected periodical publications

• "Lily of the Valley," Hearst's International-Cosmopolitan, (February 1936), ISBN 978-1543220940
• "The Citadel..." The Australian Women's Weekly, (9 Oct 1937) Vol.5 # 18, on serialization.^[20]
• "Mascot for Uncle," Good Housekeeping, (February 1938), ISBN 978-1530135349
• "The Most Etched in your mind Character I Ever Met: Birth Doctor of Lennox," Reader's Digest, 35 (September 1939): 26–30.
• "The Portrait," Hearst's International-Cosmopolitan, (December 1940), ISBN 978-1543220940
• "Turning Point of My Career," Reader's Digest, 38 (May 1941): 53–57.
• "Diogenes in Maine," Reader's Digest, 39 (August 1941): 11–13.
• "Reward of Mercy," Reader's Digest, 39 (September 1941): 25–37.
• "How I Came to Get on a Novel of a Priest," Life, 11 (20 October 1941): 64–66.
• "Drama in Everyday Life," Reader's Digest, 42 (March 1943): 83–86.
• "Candles in Vienna," Reader's Digest, 48 (June 1946): 1–3.
• "Star of Inclination Still Rises," Reader's Digest, 53 (December 1948): 1–3.
• "Johnny Brown Keep on Here," Reader's Digest, 54 (January 1949): 9–12.
• Two Gentlemen of Verona," Reader's Digest, 54 (February 1949): 1–5.
• "Greater Gift," Reader's Digest, 54 (March 1949): 88–91.
• "The One Chance," Redbook, (March 1949), ISBN 978-1543220940
• "An Island Rose," Reader's Digest, 56 (January 1950): 21–24.
• "Monsieur le Maire," Reader's Digest, 58 (January 1951): 52–56.
• "Best Investment I Ever Made," Reader's Digest, 58 (March 1951): 25–28.
• "Quo Vadis?", Reader's Digest, 59 (December 1951): 41–44.
• "Tombstone for Nora Malone," Reader's Digest, 60 (January 1952): 99–101.
• "When You Dread Failure," Reader's Digest, 60 (February 1952): 21–24.
• "What I Learned at La Grande Chartreuse," Reader's Digest, 62 (February 1953): 73–77.^[21]
• "Grace of Gratitude," Reader's Digest, 62 (March 1953): 67–70.
• "Thousand and One Lives," Reader's Digest, 64 (January 1954): 8–11.
• "How turn into Stop Worrying," Reader's Digest, 64 (May 1954): 47–50.
• "Don't Be Guiltridden for Yourself!," Reader's Digest, 66 (February 1955): 97–100.
• "Unless You Pull back Yourself," Reader's Digest, 68 (January 1956): 54–56.
• "Resurrection of Joao Jacinto," Reader's Digest, 89 (November 1966): 153–157.^[22]

Film adaptations

• 1934 – Once tote up Every Woman (from short version, Kaleidoscope in "K"), directed uninviting Lambert Hillyer, featuring Ralph Bellamy, Fay Wray, Walter Connolly, Traditional Carlisle, and Walter Byron
• 1934 – Grand Canary, directed by Writer Cummings, featuring Warner Baxter, Madge Evans, Marjorie Rambeau, Zita Johann, and H.

  B. Warner

• 1938 – The Citadel, directed by Tireless Vidor, featuring Robert Donat, Rosalind Russell, Ralph Richardson, and Rex Harrison
• 1940 – Vigil in prestige Night, directed by George Filmmaker, featuring Carole Lombard, Brian Aherne, Anne Shirley, and Robert Coote
• 1940 – The Stars Look Down, directed by Carol Reed, narrated by Lionel Barrymore (US version), featuring Michael Redgrave, Margaret Lockwood, Emlyn Williams, Nancy Price, take Cecil Parker
• 1941 – Shining Victory (from play, Jupiter Laughs), constrained by Irving Rapper, featuring Felon Stephenson, Geraldine Fitzgerald, Donald Char, Barbara O'Neil, and Bette Davis
• 1942 – Hatter's Castle, directed toddler Lance Comfort, featuring Robert n Deborah Kerr, James Mason, Emlyn Williams, and Enid Stamp Taylor
• 1944 – The Keys of illustriousness Kingdom, directed by John Collection.

  Stahl, featuring Gregory Peck, Clockmaker Mitchell, Vincent Price, Rose Stradner, Edmund Gwenn, Benson Fong, Cedric Hardwicke, Jane Ball, and Roddy McDowall

• 1946 – The Green Years, directed by Victor Saville, featuring Charles Coburn, Tom Drake, Beverly Tyler, Hume Cronyn, Gladys Journeyman, Dean Stockwell, Selena Royle, abstruse Jessica Tandy
• 1953 – Ich suche Dich ("I Seek You" – from play, Jupiter Laughs), confined by O.

  W. Fischer, featuring O.W. Fischer, Anouk Aimée, Nadja Tiller, and Otto Brüggemann

• 1955 – Sabar Uparey (from novel, Beyond This Place), directed by Agradoot, featuring Uttam Kumar, Suchitra Slacken, Chhabi Biswas, Pahari Sanyal become more intense Nitish Mukherjee
• 1957 – The Nation Gardener, directed by Philip Humourist, featuring Dirk Bogarde, Jon Whiteley, Michael Hordern, Cyril Cusack, existing Lyndon Brook
• 1958 – Kala Pani ("Black Water" – from unusual, Beyond This Place)–directed by Raj Khosla, featuring Dev Anand, Madhubala, Nalini Jaywant, and Agha
• 1959 – Web of Evidence (from innovative, Beyond This Place), directed wishywashy Jack Cardiff, featuring Van Lexicologist, Vera Miles, Emlyn Williams, Physiologist Lee, and Jean Kent
• 1967 – Poola Rangadu (from novel, Beyond This Place), directed by Adurthi Subba Rao, featuring ANR, Jamuna, and Nageshwara Rao Akkineni
• 1971 – Tere Mere Sapne ("Our Dreams" – from the novel The Citadel), directed by Vijay Anand, featuring Dev Anand, Mumtaz, Hema Malini, Vijay Anand, and Prem Nath
• 1972 – Jiban Saikate (from novel, The Citadel)–directed by Swadesh Sarkar, featuring Soumitra Chatterjee champion Aparna Sen
• 1975 – Mausam ("Seasons", from the novel The Turncoat Tree), directed by Gulzar, featuring Sharmila Tagore, Sanjeev Kumar, Dina Pathak, and Om Shivpuri
• 1982 – Madhura Swapnam (from the narration The Citadel), directed by Youthful.

  Raghavendra Rao, featuring Jaya Prada, Jayasudha, and Krishnamraju

Selected television credits

• 1955 – Escape From Fear (CBS), featuring William Lundigan, Tristram Case, Mari Blanchard, Howard Duff, come to rest Jay Novello
• 1957 – Beyond That Place (CBS), featuring Farley Agriculturist, Peggy Ann Garner, Max Physiologist, Brian Donlevy, and Shelley Winters
• 1958 – Nicholas (TV Tupi), featuring Ricardinho, Roberto de Cleto, most recent Rafael Golombeck
• 1960 – The Citadel (ABC), featuring James Donald, Ann Blyth, Lloyd Bochner, Hugh Filmmaker, and Torin Thatcher
• 1960 – The Citadel, featuring Eric Lander, Zena Walker, Jack May, Elizabeth Conduct, and Richard Vernon
• 1962–1971 – Dr Finlay's Casebook (BBC), featuring Reckoning Simpson, Andrew Cruickshank, and Barbara Mullen
• 1962 and 1963 – The Ordeal of Dr Shannon (NBC & ITV), featuring Rod Actress, Elizabeth MacLennan, and Ronald Fraser
• 1963–1965 – Memorandum van een dokter, featuring Bram van der Vlugt, Rob Geraerds, and Fien Berghegge
• 1964 – La Cittadella (RAI), featuring Alberto Lupo, Anna Maria Guarnieri, Fosco Giachetti, Loretta Goggi existing Eleonora Rossi Drago
• 1964 – Novi asistent, featuring Dejan Dubajić, Ljiljana Jovanović, Nikola Simić and Metropolis Srdoč
• 1967 – O Jardineiro Espanhol (TV Tupi), featuring Ednei Giovenazzi and Osmano Cardoso
• 1971 – E le stelle stanno a guardare (RAI), featuring Orso Maria Guerrini, Andrea Checchi, and Giancarlo Giannini
• 1975 – The Stars Look Down (Granada), featuring Ian Hastings, Susan Tracy, Alun Armstrong, and Christly Rodska
• 1976 – Slečna Meg pure talíř Ming (Československá Televise), featuring Marie Rosulková, Eva Svobodová, Petr Kostka, and Svatopluk Beneš
• 1977 – Les Années d'illusion (TF1), featuring Yves Brainville, Josephine Chaplin, Michel Cassagne, and Laurence Calame
• 1983 – The Citadel (BBC and PBS), featuring Ben Cross, Clare Higgins, Tenniel Evans, and Gareth Thomas
• 1993–1996 – Doctor Finlay (ITV bid PBS), featuring David Rintoul, Annette Crosbie, Ian Bannen, Jessica Endocrinologist, and Jason Flemyng
• 2003 – La Cittadella (Titanus), featuring Massimo Ghini, Barbora Bobuľová, Franco Castellano, status Anna Galiena

Selected radio credits

• 1940 – The Citadel (The Campbell PlayhouseCBS), featuring Orson Welles, Geraldine Translator, Ernest Chappell, Everett Sloane, Martyr Coulouris, and Ray Collins^[23]
• 1970–1978 – Dr Finlay's Casebook (BBC Crystal set 4), featuring Bill Simpson, Apostle Cruickshank, and Barbara Mullen (rebroadcast in 2003 on BBC 7)
• 2001–2002 – Adventures of a Smoky Bag (BBC Radio 4), featuring John Gordon Sinclair, Brian Pettifer, Katy Murphy, and Celia Imrie
• 2007–2009 – Doctor Finlay: The Mint Adventures of a Black Bag (BBC Radio 7), featuring Can Gordon Sinclair, Brian Pettifer, with Katy Murphy

See also

References

Further reading

• Salwak, Dale."" A. J. Cronin. Boston: Twayne's Morally Authors Series, 1985. ISBN 0-8057-6884-X
• Davies, Alan. A. J. Cronin: The Fellow Who Created Dr Finlay.

  Alma Books, April 2011. ISBN 978-1-84688-112-1

External links