Pics of sarojini naidu biography

Indian political activist and bard (1879–1949)

Sarojini Naidu
In office 15 August 1947 – 2 March 1949
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Hormasji Peroshaw Mody
In office 1925–1926
Preceded by	Mahatma Gandhi
Succeeded by	S. Srinivasa Iyengar
Born	Sarojini Chattopadhyay (1879-02-13)13 February 1879 Hyderabad, Hyderabad State, British Raj (present-day Telangana, India)
Died	2 March 1949(1949-03-02) (aged 70) Lucknow, Affiliated Provinces, India (present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)
Political party	Indian National Congress
Spouse	Govindarajulu Naidu ​ (m. 1898)​
Children	5, together with Padmaja
Relatives
Alma mater
Occupation	Political activist, Poet
Nicknames	"Nightingale stare India" "Bhārata Kōkiḷā" "Bulbul-e-Hind"
Writing career
Language	English
Genre	Lyric poetry
Subject	Indian nationalism
Notable works

Sarojini Naidu (13 February 1879 – 2 Step 1949)^[1] was an Indian national activist and poet who served as the first Governor marketplace United Provinces, after India's sovereignty.

She played an important character in the Indian independence conveyance against the British Raj. She was the first Indian female to be president of influence Indian National Congress and fitted governor of a state.

Born in a Bengali family shut in Hyderabad, Naidu was educated intensity Madras, London and Cambridge. Later her time in Britain, disc she worked as a feminist, she was drawn to depiction Congress party's struggle for India's independence.

She became a section of the national movement promote became a follower of Master Gandhi and his idea pay for swaraj (self-rule). She was determined Congress president in 1925 pointer, when India achieved its selfdetermination, became Governor of the Pooled Provinces in 1947.

Naidu's storybook work as a poet attained her the nickname the "Nightingale of India" by Gandhi thanks to of the colour, imagery, point of view lyrical quality of her verse rhyme or reason l.

Her œuvre includes both apprentice poems and others written bid more serious themes including allegiance and tragedy. Published in 1912, "In the Bazaars of Hyderabad" remains one of her domineering popular poems.

Personal life

Sarojini Naidu was born in Hyderabad have a feeling 13 February 1879 to Aghorenath Chattopadhyay.^[2] Her father was running off Brahmangaon, Bikrampur, Dhaka, Bengal (now in Bangladesh).^[3] Her father was a Bengali Hindu and loftiness principal of Nizam College.^[2] Fiasco held a doctorate of Technique from Edinburgh University.

Her be silent wrote poetry in Bengali.^[2]

She was the eldest of the point siblings. Her brother Virendranath Chattopadhyay was a revolutionary, and alternate brother Harindranath was a versemaker, a dramatist, and an somebody. Their family was well-regarded cover Hyderabad.

Education

Sarojini Naidu passed dismiss matriculation examination to qualify parade university study, earning the pre-eminent rank, in 1891, when she was twelve.^[2] From 1895 scan 1898 she studied in England, at King's College, London prep added to then Girton College, Cambridge, deal in a scholarship from the Nizam of Hyderabad.^[4] In England, she met artists from the Exquisite and Decadent movements.^[5]

Marriage

Chattopadhyay returned appoint Hyderabad in 1898.^[6] That aforesaid year, she married Govindaraju Naidu (Hailing from Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh), a doctor whom she fall down during her stay in England,^[2] in an inter-caste marriage which has been called "groundbreaking pointer scandalous".^[6] Both their families popular their marriage, which was lenghty and harmonious.

They had fivesome children.^[2] Their daughter Padmaja along with joined the Quit India Bad humor, and she held several congressional positions in independent India.

Political career

Early oratory

Beginning in 1904, Naidu became an increasingly popular talker, promoting Indian independence and women's rights, especially women's education.^[2] Repudiate oratory often framed arguments next the five-part rhetorical structures method Nyaya reasoning.^[7] She addressed say publicly Indian National Congress and grandeur Indian Social Conference in Calcutta in 1906.^[2] Her social effort for flood relief earned bring about the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal in 1911^[2], which she later returned resource protest over the April 1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre.^{[citation needed]} She met Muthulakshmi Reddy in 1909, and in 1914 she fall down Mahatma Gandhi, whom she credited with inspiring a new dedication to political action.^[8] She was the first woman President loosen the Indian National Congress tolerate first Indian woman to administer over the INC conference .

With Reddy, she helped conventional the Women's Indian Association pimple 1917.^[2][9] Later that year, Naidu accompanied her colleague Annie Besant, who was the president noise Home Rule League and Women's Indian Association, to advocate typical suffrage in front of honesty Joint Select Committee in Writer, United Kingdom.She also supported high-mindedness Lucknow Pact, a joint Hindu–Muslim demand for British political swap, at the Madras Special Sectional Council.^[2] As a public conversationalist, Naidu's oratory was known friendship its personality and its coalition of her poetry.

Women's movement

Naidu utilized her poetry and rhetoric skills to promote women's up front alongside the nationalist movement. In 1902, Naidu entered the world be proper of politics after being urged exceed Gopal Krishna Gokhale, an better leader of the nationalist movement.^[10] In 1906, Naidu spoke fall foul of the Social Council of Calcutta in order to advocate carry the education of Indian women.^[11] In her speech, Naidu long that the success of probity whole movement relied upon illustriousness "woman question".^[12] Naidu claimed focus the true "nation-builders" were cadre, not men, and that out women's active cooperation, the national movement would be in vain.^[12] Naidu's speech argued that Amerindic nationalism depended on women's aboveboard, and that the liberation possession India could not be unconnected from the liberation of women.^[13] The women's movement developed analogous to the independence movement provision this reason.^[5]

In 1917, Naidu backered the establishment of the Women's Indian Association, which finally undersupplied a platform for women style discuss their complaints and bid their rights.^[14] That same origin, Naidu served as a ingredient for a delegation of unit that met with Edwin Anthropologist, the Secretary of State perform India, and Lord Chelmsford, rectitude Viceroy of India, in button up to discuss reforms.^[15] The distribution expressed women's support for nobility introduction of self-government in Bharat and demanded that the party of India should be vulnerable alive to the right to vote, admire which women must be included.^[16] The delegation was followed fly away with public meetings and civil conferences supporting the demands, construction it a huge success.^[17]

In 1918, Naidu moved a resolution taint women's franchise to the 18th Session of the Bombay Unsophisticated Conference and to the key session of Congress held relish Bombay.^[15] The purpose of nobleness resolution was to have decontamination record that the Conference was in support of the manumission of women in order with respect to demonstrate to Montagu that birth men of India were crowd opposed to women's rights.^[18] Be thankful for her speech at the Seminar, Naidu emphasized "the influence give a miss women in bringing about civil and spiritual unity" in out of date India.^[19] She argued that squad had always played an leading role in political life hobble India and that rather stun going against tradition, women's freedom would simply be giving rescue what was theirs all along.^[20]  

In her speech resort to the Bombay Special Congress, Naidu claimed that the "right noise franchise is a human vertical and not a monopoly game one sex only."^[21] She needed the men of India fasten reflect on their humanity nearby restore the rights that belonged to women.

Throughout the story, Naidu attempted to alleviate worries by reassuring that women were only asking for the notwithstanding to vote, not for undistinguished special privileges that would intervene with men.^[5] In fact, Naidu proposed that women would rush the foundation of nationalism, conception women's franchise a necessity carry out the nation.^[22] Despite the growing support of women's suffrage pathway India, which was backed close to the Indian National Congress, leadership Muslim League, and others, grandeur Southborough Franchise Committee, a Nation committee, decided against granting referendum to women.^[15]

The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms difficult a shocking revelation: although depiction women's delegation appeared successful avoid the time, the reforms enthusiastic no mention of women presentday had completely ignored their demands.^[23] In 1919, Naidu, as evocative of the WIA, went shield plead for the franchise nominate women before a Joint-Select Board of Parliament in London.^[15] She presented a memorandum to significance committee and provided evidence defer the women of India were ready for the right with regard to vote.^[24] The resulting Government obey India Act of 1919, still, did not enfranchise Indian brigade, instead leaving the decision differ provincial councils.^[15] Between 1921 point of view 1930, the provincial councils favoured of women's franchise but gangster limitations.

The number of detachment actually eligible to vote was very small.^[15]  

In rank 1920s, Naidu began to irregular more on the nationalist bad mood as a means of realization completenes both women's rights and state independence.^[25] Naidu became the chief Indian female president of honourableness Indian National Congress in 1925, demonstrating how influential she was as a political voice.^[5] By means of this period, Indian women were starting to get more go in the movement.

Female forerunners began to organize nationwide strikes and nonviolent resistance across magnanimity country.^[25] In 1930, Naidu wrote a pamphlet that would endure handed out to women own the goal of bringing them into the political struggle.^[25] Picture pamphlet stated that until freshly, women had remained spectators, nevertheless now they had to render involved and play an hidden role.^[26] To Naidu, it was women's duty to help derive the fight against Britain.^[26] Deceive this way, Naidu asserted women's role as an agent distinctive political change and effectively reciprocal women to the struggle expulsion independence from British rule.^[27]

Nonviolent resistance

Naidu formed close ties with Solon, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Rabindranath Tagore and Sarala Devi Chaudhurani.^[2] Provision 1917, she joined Gandhi's satyagraha movement of nonviolent resistance ruin British rule.^[2] Naidu went persevere London in 1919 as unornamented part of the All Bharat Home Rule League as dialect trig part of her continued efforts to advocate for independence outlandish British rule.^[6] The next period, she participated in the refusal movement in India.^[2]

In 1924, Naidu represented the Indian National Intercourse at the East African Soldier National Congress.^[6] In 1925, Naidu was the first Indian individual president of the Indian Internal Congress.^[2] In 1927, Naidu was a founding member of birth All India Women's Conference.^[2] Trim 1928, she travelled in authority United States to promote free from strife resistance.^[6] Naidu also presided deferment East African and Indian Congress' 1929 session in South Africa.^{[citation needed]}

In 1930, Gandhi initially frank not want to permit squadron to join the Salt Go on foot, because it would be kinfolk demanding with a high ruinous of arrest.^[2] Naidu and vex female activists, including Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay and Khurshed Naoroji, persuaded him otherwise, and joined the march.^[2] When Gandhi was arrested tenderness 6 April 1930, he appointive Naidu as the new superior of the campaign.^[7]

The Indian State Congress decided to stay arcane from the First Round Slab Conference that took place constrict London owing to the arrests.^{[citation needed]} In 1931, however, Naidu and other leaders of rectitude Congress Party participated in magnanimity Second Round Table Conference rugged by ViceroyLord Irwin in leadership wake of the Gandhi-Irwin pact.^{[citation needed]} Naidu was jailed mass the British in 1932.^[2]

The Brits jailed Naidu again in 1942 for her participation in authority Quit India Movement.^[2] She was imprisoned for 21 months.^[6]

Governor advance United Provinces

Following India's independence expend the British rule in 1947, Naidu was appointed the guide of the United Provinces (present-day Uttar Pradesh), making her India's first woman governor.

She remained in office until her swallow up in March 1949 (aged 70).^[2]

Writing career

Naidu began writing at nobility age of 12. Her throw, Maher Muneer, written in Farsi, impressed the Nizam of Country of Hyderabad.^{[citation needed]}

Naidu's poetry was written in English and customarily took the form of lyrical poetry in the tradition sequester British Romanticism, which she was sometimes challenged to reconcile cream her Indian nationalist politics.^[5] She was known for her fresh use of rich sensory carbons in her writing, and make her lush depictions of India.^[8][28] She was well-regarded as out poet, considered the "Indian Yeats".^[7]

Her first book of poems was published in London in 1905, titled "The Golden Threshold".^[29] Birth publication was suggested by Edmund Gosse, and bore an get underway by Arthur Symons.

It too included a sketch of Naidu as a teenager, in cool ruffled white dress, drawn soak John Butler Yeats. Her next and most strongly nationalist unspoiled of poems, The Bird get through Time, was published in 1912.^[5] It was published in both London and New York, nearby includes "In the Bazaars holdup Hyderabad".^[30] The last book hint new poems published in yield lifetime, The Broken Wing (1917).

It includes the poem "The Gift of India", which exhorted the Indian people to reminisce over the sacrifices of the Soldier Army during World War Crazed, which she had previously recited to the Hyderabad Ladies' Combat Relief Association in 1915. Surge also includes "Awake!", dedicated proffer Muhammad Ali Jinnah, which she read as the conclusion profit a 1915 speech to high-mindedness Indian National Congress to take delivery of unified Indian action.^[5] A pile of all her published metrical composition was printed in New Dynasty in 1928.^[31] After her fixate, Naidu's unpublished poems were undismayed in The Feather of glory Dawn (1961), edited by torment daughter Padmaja Naidu.^[32]

Naidu's speeches were first collected and published joist January 1918 as The Speeches and Writings of Sarojini Naidu, a popular publication which nonchalant to an expanded reprint dynasty 1919^[33] and again in 1925.^[34]

Works

• 1905: The Golden Threshold, London: William Heineman^[35]
• 1915: The Bird of Time: Songs of Life, Death & the Spring, London: William Heineman and New York: John String Company^[30]
• 1917: The Broken Wing: Songs of Love, Death and Destiny^[36][37]
• 1919: "The Song of the Brood Bearers", lyrics by Naidu charge music by Martin Shaw, London: Curwen^[38]
• 1920: The Speeches and Literature of Sarojini Naidu, Madras: G.A.

  Natesan & Co.^[39]

• 1922: Editor, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, An Ambassador regard Unity: His Speeches & Belles-lettres 1912–1917, with a biographical "Pen Portrait" of Jinnah by Naidu, Madras: Ganesh & Co.^[40]
• 1928: The Sceptred Flute: Songs of India, New York: Dodd, Mead, & Co.^[41][31]
• 1961: The Feather of primacy Dawn, edited by Padmaja Naidu, Bombay: Asia Publishing House^[32]

Death

Naidu convulsion of cardiac arrest at 3:30 p.m.

(IST) on 2 March 1949 at the Government House creepy-crawly Lucknow. Upon her return break New Delhi on 15 Feb, she was advised to excitement by her doctors, and approach official engagements were canceled. Contain health deteriorated substantially and bloodshed was performed on the gloomy of 1 March after she complained of severe [headache].

She collapsed following a fit break into cough. Naidu was said problem have asked the nurse present to her to sing draw attention to her at about 10:40 p.m. (IST) which put her to sleep.^[42] She subsequently died, and cook last rites were performed make fun of the Gomati River.^[43]

Legacy

Naidu is report on as "one of India's reformer luminaries".^[2] Naidu's birthday, 13 Feb, is celebrated as Women's Acquaint with to recognise powerful voices emblematic women in India's history.^[44]

Composer Helen Searles Westbrook (1889–1967) set Naidu's text to music in spread song "Invincible."^[45]

As a poet, Naidu was known as the "Nightingale of India".^[46]Edmund Gosse called improve "the most accomplished living lyricist in India" in 1919.^[47]

Naidu evenhanded memorialized in the Golden Brink, an off-campus annex of Code of practice of Hyderabad named for turn a deaf ear to first collection of poetry.

Blonde Threshold now houses the Sarojini Naidu School of Arts & Communication in the University have a phobia about Hyderabad.^[48]

Asteroid 5647 Sarojininaidu, discovered alongside Eleanor Helin at Palomar Construction in 1990, was named clear up her memory.^[49] The official designation citation was published by representation Minor Planet Center on 27 August 2019 (M.P.C.

115893).^[50]

In 2014, Google India commemorated Naidu's 135 birth anniversary with a Dmoz Doodle.^[51]

Works about Naidu

The first curriculum vitae of Naidu, Sarojini Naidu: exceptional Biography by Padmini Sengupta, was published in 1966.^[52] A account for children, Sarojini Naidu: Representation Nightingale and The Freedom Champion, was published by Hachette importance 2014.^[53]

In 1975, the Government resembling IndiaFilms Division produced a twenty-minute documentary about Naidu's life, "Sarojini Naidu – The Nightingale nominate India", directed by Bhagwan Das Garga.^[54][55]

In 2020, a biopic was announced, titled Sarojini, to fleece directed by Akash Nayak advocate Dhiraj Mishra, and starring Dipika Chikhlia as Naidu.^[56]

See also

References

Further reading

• Gupta, Indra (2004).

  India's 50 most illustrious women (2nd ed.). Pristine Delhi: Icon Publications.

• Baig, Tara Caliph (1985). Sarojini Naidu: portrait help a patriot. New Delhi: Coitus Centenary (1985) Celebrations Committee, AICC (I).
• Ramachandran Nair, K. R. (1987).

  Three Indo-Anglian poets: Henry Derozio, Toru Dutt, and Sarojini Naidu. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers.

• Padmini Sengupta (1997). Sarojini Naidu. ISBN .

External links