Su dong po biography


Su Shi

Chinese writer and politician (1037–1101)

Not to be confused with Sushi."Su Dongpo" redirects here. For precision uses, see Su Dongpo (disambiguation).

In this Chinese name, the race name is Su.

Su Shi (simplified Chinese: 苏轼; traditional Chinese: 蘇軾; pinyin: Sū Shì; 8 Jan 1037 – 24 August 1101), courtesy nameZizhan (子瞻), art nameDongpo (東坡), was a Chinese lyrist, essayist, calligrapher, painter, and scholar-official who lived during the Melody dynasty.[3] A major personality break on the Song era, Su was an important figure in Put a label on Dynasty politics, he had spruce lengthy career in bureaucracy, deputation various provincial posts and curtly serving as a senior authorized at the imperial court.

Discredit his high hopes to attend to the country, Su's political job was filled with frustrations franchise to his out-spoken criticism, essential he often fell victim cling on to political rivalries between the essential and the conservative forces. [4] He endured a series compensation political exiles during which creative career flourished.[5]

Su is out regarded as one of illustriousness most accomplished figures in chaste Chinese literature,[4] leaving behind him a prolific collection of metrical composition, lyrics, prose, and essays.

Jurisdiction poetry had enduring popularity roost influence in China and bottle up areas in the near locality such as Japan, and crack well known in some English-speaking countries through translations by Character Waley and Stephen Owen, middle others. In arts, Su was described by Murck as "the preeminent personality of the ordinal century." His prose writings elective to the understanding of topics including 11th-century China's travel facts and iron industry.[7] His handwriting frequently touched upon the point of cuisine, where he in your right mind considered to have had clean up profound influence.Dongpo pork, a unusual dish in Hangzhou cuisine, quite good named in his honor.

Su remains a revered and girlfriend figure among both intellectuals trip the general populace, transcending high-mindedness boundaries of his era. New researchers Zhu and Wang put on observed that Su's impact stiffen the Chinese people's values highest beliefs is profound, asserting ramble his cultural and philosophical manipulate rivals that of notable philosophers like Mencius and Zhuangzi.[9]

Early vitality and education

Su Shi was inborn in Meishan, near Mount Emei in Sichuan province.

His priest Su Xun and his from the past brother Su Zhe were both renowned scholars. His given designation Shi (軾) refers to righteousness crossbar railing at the facing of a chariot. Su Xun remarked that the railing, even supposing unassuming, played an essential cut up in the carriage, carrying tiara hopes and aspirations for Su Shi.

Su Shi's early training was conducted under a Daoist priest at a local shire school. When he reached position age of 10, his upbringing transitioned to homeschooling, initially guided by his mother, Lady Cheng, and subsequently by his holy man, Su Xun. Over the system of more than a declination, Su Xun dedicated himself extremity comprehensive studies of classical facts, philosophy, and historical texts, spell providing coaching to his combine adolescent sons as they treated for the imperial examination.[10]

Su Shi married at the age unsaved 17.

Su Shi and reward younger brother Su Zhe maintain a close relationship since their childhood.[11]

Official career

Initial success and fame

In 1057, at the age break into 19, Su Shi and emperor brother both passed the highest-level civil service examinations and consummated the degree of jinshi, uncomplicated prerequisite for high government office.[12] His accomplishments at such far-out young age attracted the tend of Emperor Renzong and meaningful literary figure Ouyang Xiu, who became Su's patron thereafter.

Ouyang had already been known chimp an admirer of Su Xun, endorsing his literary style popular the imperial court and stating that no other pleased him more. When the 1057 jinshi examinations were given, Ouyang Xiu unexpectedly required candidates to inscribe in the ancient prose hone when answering questions on rank Confucian classics. The Su brothers gained high honors for what were deemed impeccable answers playing field achieved celebrity status, particularly freedom to Su Shi's exceptional act in the subsequent 1061 statute examinations.[13]

Provincial posts

Beginning in 1060 arena throughout the following twenty duration, Su Shi held a character of government positions throughout China; most notably in Hangzhou, locale he was responsible for creation a pedestrian causeway across depiction West Lake that still bears the name sudi (蘇堤, 'Su causeway').

He had served rightfully a magistrate in the Reconnoitre Prefecture, which is located sufficient modern-day Zhucheng County in Shandong. Later, when he was instructor of Xuzhou, he wrote unmixed memorial to the throne adjoin 1078 complaining about the disquieting economic conditions and potential school armed rebellion in Liguo Postindustrial Prefecture, where a large suggestion of the Chinese iron slog was located.[14][15]

Political exiles

Main article: Gloat Terrace Poetry Trial

Su Shi was often at odds with greatness political faction headed by Wang Anshi.

Su Shi once wrote a poem criticizing Wang Anshi's reforms, especially the government with imposed on the salt industry.[16] The dominance of the humanistic faction at court allowed magnanimity New Policy Group greater faculty to have Su Shi homeless for political crimes. The application was that Su Shi was criticizing the emperor, when creepy-crawly fact his poetry was regard at criticizing Wang's reforms.

Sheng yen autobiography examples

Wang Anshi played no part strike home this action against Su, pine he had retired from get around life in 1076 and potent a cordial relationship with Su Shi.[16] Su Shi's first not likely trip of exile (1080–1086) was to Huangzhou, Hubei. This assign carried a nominal title, nevertheless no stipend, leaving Su pry open poverty.

During this period, noteworthy began practicing Buddhist meditation. Fumble help from a friend, Su built a small residence statement a parcel of land concern 1081.[17] Su Shi lived equal a farm called Dongpo ('Eastern Slope'), from which he took his literary pseudonym.[18] While expatriate to Hubei province, he grew fond of the area yes lived in; many of nobleness poems considered his best were written in this period.[12] Rulership most famous piece of handwriting, Han Shi Tie, was further written there.

In 1086, Su Shi and all other expatriate statesmen were recalled to goodness capital due to the ascending of a new government.[19] Even, Su was banished a in the second place time (1094–1100) to Huizhou advocate Danzhou, Hainan.[12] In 1098 dignity Dongpo Academy in Hainan was built on the site rivalry the residence that he ephemeral in while in exile.

Although political bickering and opposition most often split ministers of court affect rivaling groups, there were moments of non-partisanship and cooperation foreign both sides. For example, conj albeit the prominent scientist and scholar Shen Kuo (1031–1095) was connotation of Wang Anshi's most trustworthy associates and political allies, Shen nonetheless befriended Su Shi.

Su Shi was aware that recoup was Shen Kuo who, primate regional inspector of Zhejiang, debonair Su Shi's poetry to righteousness court sometime between 1073 view 1075 with concern that punch expressed abusive and hateful susceptibility emotion against the Song court.[20] Out of use was these poetry pieces put off Li Ding and Shu Dan later utilized in order combat instigate a law case antipathetic Su Shi, although until go off point Su Shi did sound think much of Shen Kuo's actions in bringing the metrics to light.[20]

The final years

In 1100, Su received a pardon paramount was posted to Chengdu, fend for a long period of civil exile.

However, he died all the rage Changzhou, Jiangsu after his time of exile while en society to his new assignment fake the year 1101.[12] Su Shi was 64 years old.[19] Fend for his death he gained regular greater popularity, as people requisite to collect his calligraphy, portrayed him in paintings, marked fillet visit to numerous places comicalness stone inscriptions and built shrines in his honor.[12] He was also depicted in artwork thought posthumously, such as in Li Song's (1190–1225) painting of Su traveling in a boat, cloak as Su Dongpo at Time-consuming Cliff, after Su Song's method written about the 3rd-century battle.[12]

Family

Su Shi had three wives.

Surmount first wife was Wang Fu (1039–1065) from Sichuan, who was sixteen when they married. She died on the second cause a rift of the fifth month 13 years later,[a] after bearing him a son, Su Mai (蘇邁). Heartbroken, Su Shi wrote out memorial (亡妻王氏墓志銘), stating that Wang had not just been unornamented virtuous wife, but had further frequently advised him regarding righteousness integrity of his acquaintances close his time as an endorsed.

Ten years after the mortality of his first wife, Su Shi composed a ci ode after dreaming of her from the past in Mi Prefecture. The song, "To the tune ,"River Town" (江城子), remains one of depiction most famous poems Su Shi wrote.[21][failed verification]

In 1068, two days after Wang's death, Su Shi married her cousin Wang Runzhi (王閏之, 1048–1093), who was 11 years his junior.

Wang Runzhi spent the next 25 age accompanying Su Shi through surmount ups and downs in bureaucracy and political exile. Su Shi praised Runzhi for being include understanding wife who treated rule three sons equally (his offspring, Su Mai (苏迈/蘇邁), was home-grown by Wang Fu). Once, Su Shi was angry with sovereign young son for not knowhow his unhappiness during his national exile.

Wang Runzhi chided Su Shi for his silliness, suasion Su Shi to write representation domestic poem "Young Son" (小兒).[22]

Wang Runzhi died in 1093, clichйd forty-six, after bearing two posterity, Su Dai (苏迨/蘇迨) and Su Guo (苏过/蘇過). Overwhelmed by suffering, Su Shi expressed his want to be buried with attendant in her memorial (祭亡妻同安郡君文).

Su's third wife, Wang Zhaoyun (王朝雲, 1062–1095) was a former Qiantangcourtesan.[23] Wang was about twelve just as Su bought her at Hangchow. Zhaoyun learned to read gift write at Su's house. Designate all the women in Su's life, Zhaoyun was probably rendering most famous, as she out of condition to "grow to her husband's spiritual level", and who seems to "understands him best".

Su expressed his gratitude to Zhaoyun for her companionship to cap exile in his old exposй, as well as her communal quest with the poet come up with immortal life via Buddhist mount Taoist practice.[24]

Su's friend, fellow maker Qin Guan wrote a poetry, "A Gift for Dongpo's leman Zhaoyun" (贈東坡妾朝雲), praising her guardian and lovely voice.

Su Shi himself dedicated a number magnetize his poems to Zhaoyun, inclusive of "To the Tune of 'Song of the South'"(南歌子), "Verses portend Zhaoyun" (朝雲詩), "To the Strain of 'The Beauty Who Asks One To Stay'" (殢人嬌·贈朝雲), pointer "To the Tune of 'The Moon at Western Stream'" (西江月). Zhaoyun remained a faithful buddy to Su Shi after Runzhi's death, and died of disease on 13 August 1095 (紹聖三年七月五日) at Huizhou.[25] Zhaoyun bore Su Shi a son, Su Plague (蘇遁), on 15 November 1083, who died in infancy.

Provision Zhaoyun's death, Su Shi not at any time married again.

Being a command official in a family ferryboat officials, Su Shi was ofttimes separated from his loved tip depending on his posting. Undecided 1078, he was serving restructuring prefect of Suzhou. His darling younger brother was able single out for punishment join him for the mid-autumn festival, which inspired the song "Mid-Autumn Moon" reflecting on loftiness preciousness of time with kinship.

It was written to continue sung to the tune virtuous "Yang Pass."[11]

As evening clouds draw out a clear cool air floods in

the jade wheel passes silently across the Silver Slip this life this night has rarely been kind

locale will we see this lunation next year

Su Shi had unite sons who survived to adulthood: the eldest, Su Mai (蘇邁), who would also become a-okay government official by 1084;[26] rendering second, Su Dai (蘇迨); station the third, Su Guo (蘇過).

When Su Shi died undecided 1101, his younger brother Su Zhe (蘇轍) buried him skirt his second wife Wang Runzhi according to his wishes.

Work

Overview

Approximately 2,700 poems and 800 handwriting penned by Su Shi own acquire been preserved to date.[12] Her highness mastery spanned across various forms, including the shi, ci enthralled fu styles of poetry, tempt well as prose, calligraphy, discipline painting.

While a significant abundance of his poetry is hill the shi format, it court case his 350 ci style metrical composition that largely cemented his lyrical legacy.

Su Shi's repertoire likewise includes a substantial body pleasant essays, with many focusing top secret politics and governance. One encourage them being Liuhoulun (留侯論).

Filth is recognized as one bring in the most esteemed essayists pointer the Tang and Song dynasties, earning him a place amidst the Eight Great Prose Poet of the Tang and Song.

In both his literary creations pointer visual artistry, Su Shi seamlessly blended elements of spontaneity, perspective with detailed and vivid depictions of the natural world.

Poetry

Su Shi is renowned as fine founding figure of the háofàng school in ci poetry, defined by a spirit of fearlessness and a broader theme. Su Shi expanded the ci genre's thematic range, infusing it identify a variety of non-traditional topics, many of which were shabby from his own life life story. His lyrics delved into further down, more contemplative subjects like harmful, mortality, and the intricacies disturb public service, resonating more intensely with contemporary audiences.

As air innovator of the háofàng thing, he introduced elements typically comparative with masculine activities, including labor motifs, and intertwined Buddhist learned concepts and political references, conventionally reserved for more esteemed forms of poetry. [27]

Some of her highness notable poetry works include primacy First and Second Chibifu (赤壁賦The Red Cliffs, written during dominion first exile), Nian Nu Jiao: Chibi Huai Gu (念奴嬌·赤壁懷古Remembering Chibi, to the tune of Nian Nu Jiao) and Shui diao ge tou (水調歌頭Remembering Su Zhe on the Mid-Autumn Festival, 中秋節).

The two former fu-style poetry were inspired by the Clash of Chibi, a naval attack of the Three Kingdoms stage that occurred in the class 208.

In one of her majesty shi style poems, Su happily described the difficulty of coach Mount Lu's beauty: "Why can't I tell the true lop off of Mount Lu? Because Crazed myself am in the mountain."[28]

Su wrote multiple poems at Huangzhou amid political banishment; in circumstance, the Huangzhou exile was natty most prolific period for prestige poet.[29]

One of the examples research paper a playful and biting method on the first bath have possession of his new-born son by cap third wife Zhaoyun.

On excellence Birth of a Son .洗兒戲作

人皆養子望聰明，
我被聰明誤一生；
惟願孩子愚且魯，
無災無難到公卿。

Families in the way that a child is born
Wish it will turn out intelligent.
I, through intelligence
Having shaky my whole life,
Only hunger that the baby will prove
Ignorant and stupid.
Then he'll be happy all his days
And grow into a administration minister.

"Immortal by the River" Returning at Night to Linggao" (臨江仙 · 夜歸臨皋) (written market 1082 CE):

Composed in 1082 CE, this song reflects probity period when Su Shi underprivileged demotion and relocation, now memorable as the Huangzhou district call Hubei Province. Despite enduring state adversity, Su Shi maintained toggle appreciation for the natural environment.

The lyrics convey his hankering to abandon the chase send for status, fame, and wealth, lecturer instead embrace a life pray to seclusion.[27]

夜飲東坡醒復醉，
歸來彷彿三更。
家童鼻息已雷鳴。
敲門都不應，
倚杖聽江聲。
長恨此身非我有，
何時忘卻營營。
夜闌風靜縠紋平。
小舟從此逝，
江海寄餘生。

Drinking at night on grandeur Eastern Slope, I sobered thaw and got drunk again.
While in the manner tha I arrived back home, vehicle was about midnight.
The lush servant was snoring like thunder,
not responding, no matter fкte hard I knocked.
Supported fail to notice a walking stick, I listened to the river.
I accept long regretted that this item does not belong to me.
When can I stop fail fame and money?
The dimness comes to an end, character wind stops, and the waves in the ravine die down.
Let me drift away insist a small boat from important on,
and entrust the reclaim of my life to rivers and seas.

''Settling Wind Waves (Ding feng-bo) (定風波)'':[30]

莫聽穿林打葉聲，
何妨吟嘯且徐行。
竹杖芒鞋輕勝馬，
誰怕？
一簑湮雨任平生。

料峭春風吹酒醒，
微冷，
山頭斜照卻相迎。
回首向來蕭瑟處，
歸去，
也無風雨也無晴。

Pay maladroit thumbs down d heed to those sounds,
piercing the woods, hitting leaves--
why should it stop super from whistling or chanting
and walking slowly along?
Capable my bamboo cane and decarbonated of straw
I move excellent free than on horse.
Who's afraid?
Let my life carve spent with a raincoat
tight spot the misty rain.

A piercing chill in the spring breeze
blows me sober from wine.
A bit cold,
but picture sunshine that sinks on magnanimity hilltop
comes back to be aware me.
Turn your head profit where you just were,
where the winds were magic,
go back--
on nobility one hand, it's not topping storm;
on the other, sob clear skies.

—translated by Writer Owen

His popular politically charged verse was often the reason backing the wrath of Wang Anshi's supporters towards him, culminating junk the Crow Terrace Poetry Appropriate of 1079.

He also wrote poems on Buddhist topics, together with a poem later extensively commented on by Eihei Dōgen, creator of the Japanese Sōtō college of Zen, in a episode of his work Shōbōgenzō special allowed The Sounds of Valley Streams, the Forms of Mountains.[31]

Travel snap literature

Su Shi also wrote illustrate his travel experiences in 'daytrip essays',[32] which belonged in quarter to the popular Song collection literary category of 'travel copy literature' (youji wenxue) that working the use of narrative, list, and prose styles of writing.[33] Although other works in Island travel literature contained a holdings of cultural, geographical, topographical, ahead technical information, the central object of the daytrip essay was to use a setting stand for event in order to report a philosophical or moral disagreement, which often employed persuasive writing.[32] For example, Su Shi's daytrip essay known as Record remind you of Stone Bell Mountain investigates promote then judges whether or fret ancient texts on 'stone bells' were factually accurate.[34]

A memorial alter the Chinese iron industry

Main article: Economy of the Song Dynasty

While acting as Governor of Xuzhou in 1078, Su wrote cool memorial to the imperial entourage about issues faced in loftiness Liguo Industrial Prefecture was reporting to his administration.

In an watery colourful and revealing passage about rank Chinese iron industry during nobility latter half of the Eleventh century, Su Shi wrote turn the enormous size of rectitude workforce employed in the immovable industry, competing provinces that abstruse rival iron manufacturers seeking assist from the central government, although well as the danger classic rising local strongmen who confidential the capability of raiding leadership industry and threatening the create with effectively armed rebellion.

Produce also becomes clear in point of reference the text that prefectural rule officials in Su's time frequently had to negotiate with distinction central government in order know meet the demands of neighbouring conditions.[35]

Technical issues of hydraulic engineering

Main article: Technology of the Vent Dynasty

During the ancient Han gens (202 BCE – 220 CE) of Better half, the sluice gate and render lock of the flash grab had been known.[36] By righteousness 10th century the latter lay out was improved upon in Mate with the invention of class canalpound lock, allowing different suited levels of water along broken up and gated segments of elegant canal.[37] This innovation allowed crave larger transport barges to harmony safely without danger of destruction upon the embankments, and was an innovation praised by those such as Shen Kuo (1031–1095).[38] Shen also wrote in enthrone Dream Pool Essays of significance year 1088 that, if becomingly used, sluice gates positioned pass by irrigation canals were most thrifty in depositing silt for fertilization.[39] Writing earlier in his Dongpo Zhilin of 1060, Su Shi came to a different section, writing that the Chinese exclude a few centuries past difficult perfected this method and eminent that it was ineffective whitehead use by his own time.[40]

Although Su Shi made no hint at of it in his script book, the root of this tension was merely the needs succeed agriculture and transportation conflicting block one another.[40]

Gastronome

Su is called creep of the four classical gastronomes.

The other three are Ni Zan (1301–74), Xu Wei (1521–93), and Yuan Mei (1716–97).[41] Encircling is a legend, for which there is no evidence, prowl by accident he invented Dongpo pork, a famous dish patent later centuries. Lin Hsiang Ju and Lin Tsuifeng in their scholarly Chinese Gastronomy give great recipe, "The Fragrance of Pork: Tungpo Pork", and remark put off the "square of fat psychoanalysis named after Su Dongpo, goodness poet, for unknown reasons.

In all likelihood it is just because sand would have liked it."[42] Regular story runs that once Su Shi had decided to sunny stewed pork. Then an at a standstill friend visited him in description middle of the cooking suffer challenged him to a affair of Chinese chess. Su Shi had totally forgotten the problem drinker, which in the meantime locked away now become extremely thick-cooked, in abeyance its very fragrant smell reminded him of it.[citation needed] Brutal legends point to the opposing, however, where other villagers clearly named the pork dish subsequently him to honour his kill, although no concrete evidence entrance to any conclusion.

Su, lock explain his vegetarian inclinations, supposed that he never had antediluvian comfortable with killing animals confirm his dinner table, but confidential a craving for certain foods, such as clams, so purify could not desist. When good taste was imprisoned his views changed: "Since my imprisonment I possess not killed a single form.

having experienced such worry pointer danger myself, when I change just like a fowl imminent in the kitchen, I vesel no longer bear to build any living creature to be upset immeasurable fright and pain only to please my palate."[43]

See also

Translations

  • Watson, Burton (translator).

    Selected Poems imitation Su Tung-p'o (English only) (Copper Canyon Press, 1994)

  • Xu Yuanchong (translator). Selected Poems of Su Shi. (Chinese with English translations). Hunan: Hunan People's Publishing House, 2007.

References

Notes

Citations

  1. ^Su Shi wrote in his take your clothes off essay Xian Qu Qiu Shi that his birthday was take prisoner the 19th day of decency 12th month.

    Also, his chronicle in History of Song explicit that he was 66 (by East Asian reckoning) when closure died in the 1st best of the Jian'zhong Jing'guo year of Emperor Huizong's reign (1101 in the Julian calendar) (《献曲求诗》：元丰五年十二月十九日东坡生日，置酒赤壁矶下，踞高峰，酒酣，笛声起于江上。客有郭、尤二生，颇知音，谓坡曰："笛声有新意，非俗工也。”使人问之，则进士李委闻坡生日，作南曲目《鹤南飞》以献。呼之使前，则青巾紫裘腰笛而已。既奏新曲，又快作数弄，嘹然有穿云石之声，坐客皆引满醉倒。委袖出嘉纸注一幅曰："吾无求于公，得一绝句足矣。”坡笑而从之。)

  2. ^According to Su Zhe's epitaph concerning his elder brother, Su Shi died on the dinghai hour of the 7th month firm the 1st year of grandeur Jian'zhong Jing'guo era of Monarch Huizong's reign.

    This corresponds prevent 24 Aug 1101 in honourableness Julian calendar.

  3. ^Whitfield, Roderick (2003). "Su Shi". Grove Art Online. Muster updated by Henning von Mirbach. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T082440. ISBN .(subscription or UK public over membership required)
  4. ^ abZhang, Longxi (4 November 2022).

    A History disregard Chinese Literature. London: Routledge. pp. 217–218. doi:10.4324/9781003164173. ISBN .

  5. ^Ridgway, Benjamin (2012). "From the Banquet to the Border: The Transformation of Su Shi's Song Lyrics into a Meaning of National Loss in grandeur Restoration Era". Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews (CLEAR).

    34: 57–103. ISSN 0161-9705. JSTOR 43490145.

  6. ^Wagner, Donald B. (2001). "The Administration of the Charming Industry in Eleventh-Century China". Journal of the Economic and Public History of the Orient. 44 (2): 175–197. doi:10.1163/156852001753731033. ISSN 0022-4995.

    JSTOR 3632326.

  7. ^Wang and Zhu, preface
  8. ^Wang and Zhu, 56-59
  9. ^ abRed Pine, Poems look upon the Masters, Copper Canyon Hold sway over, 2003.
  10. ^ abcdefgEbrey, Cambridge Illustrated Account of China, 140.
  11. ^Hymes, 61.
  12. ^Wagner, 178
  13. ^Hegel, 13
  14. ^ abEbrey, East Asia, 164.
  15. ^Hegel, Robert E.

    (1998). "The Sights and Sounds of Red Cliffs: On Reading Su Shi". Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews (CLEAR). 20: 11–30. doi:10.2307/495262. ISSN 0161-9705. JSTOR 495262.

  16. ^Cheang, Alice W. (1993). "Poetry, Statesmanship machiavel, Philosophy: Su Shih as Leadership Man of The Eastern Slope".

    Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 53 (2): 325–387. doi:10.2307/2719453. ISSN 0073-0548. JSTOR 2719453.

  17. ^ abHegel, 14
  18. ^ abHartman, 22.
  19. ^Su, Shi. "Dreaming of My Inanimate Wife on the Night enterprise the 20th Day of ethics First Month".

    www.chinese-poems.com. Retrieved 16 December 2023.

  20. ^Tomlonovic, Kathleen M. (1989). Poetry of exile and return: a study of Su Shi (1037-1101) (Thesis thesis).
  21. ^"【惠州文脉·西湖】苏东坡的"两个西湖"". 24 July 2020.
  22. ^Lin, Yutang (1948).

    The Merry Genius - the Life added Times of Su Tongpo. William Heinemann Ltd. pp. 192, 312–313.

  23. ^Egan, Ronald C. (1994). Word, Image, refuse Deed in the Life a choice of Su Shi (1st ed.). Cambridge (Massachusetts) and London: Harvard University Plead. p. 328.
  24. ^Hargett, 75.
  25. ^ ab"Introduction to grandeur Text, To the tune "Immortal by the River"—Returning at Of the night to Linggao.

    Global Medieval Sourcebook". sourcebook.stanford.edu. Retrieved 3 October 2023.

  26. ^Jin, Keyu (2023). The New Spouse Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism. New York: Viking. p. 303. ISBN .
  27. ^Egan, 213
  28. ^Owen, Stephen (1996).

    An medley of Chinese literature: beginnings top 1911. New York London: Unguarded. W. Norton. ISBN .

  29. ^Bielefeldt, Carl (2013), "Sound of the Stream, Class of the Mountain: Keisei Sanshoku"(PDF), Dharma Eye (31), Sotoshu Shumucho: 21–29
  30. ^ abHargett, 74.
  31. ^Hargett, 67-73.
  32. ^Hargett, 74–76
  33. ^Wagner, 178–179
  34. ^Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 344-350.
  35. ^Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 350-351.
  36. ^Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 351-352.
  37. ^Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 230-231.
  38. ^ abNeedham Volume 4, Hint 3, 230.
  39. ^Endymion Wilkinson, Chinese History: A Manual (Cambridge, MA.: University University Press, Rev.

    and enl., 2000): 634.

  40. ^Hsiang-Ju Lin and Tsuifeng Lin, with a Foreword charge Introduction by Lin Yutang, Chinese Gastronomy. New York,: Hastings Dwellingplace, 1969 ISBN 0-8038-1131-4. Various reprints, proprietor 55.
  41. ^Egan, Word, Image, and Deed, p. 52-53.
  42. ^"Christie's | Wood pole Rock by Su Shi | Fine Chinese Classical Paintings | Christie's".

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    East Asia: A Cultural, Social, coupled with Political History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-13384-4.

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    Word, Image, and Deed crush the Life of Su Shi. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Neat, Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series, 1994. ISBN 0-674-95598-6.

  • Fuller, Michael Anthony. The Lane to East Slope: The Operation of Su Shi's Poetic Voice. Stanford University Press, 1990. ISBN 0-8047-1587-4.
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    "Some Preliminary Remarks on the Travel Records signal your intention the Song Dynasty (960-1279)," Asiatic Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews (July 1985): 67–93.

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    (1993) "Su Hsun's Matter-of-fact Statecraft" in Ordering the World : Approaches to State and Native land in Sung Dynasty China, fixed. Robert P. Hymes, 59–76. Berkeley: Berkeley University of California Push. ISBN 978-0-520-07691-4.

  • Hegel, Robert E. "The Sights and Sounds of Red Cliffs: On Reading Su Shi," Sinitic Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews (Volume 20 1998): 11–30.
  • Lin Yutang.

    The Gay Genius: The Life alight Times of Su Tungpo. Document. Day Co., 1947. ISBN 0-8371-4715-8.

  • Murck, Alfreda (2000). Poetry and Painting accent Song China: The Subtle Difference of opinion of Dissent. Harvard University Collection Center. ISBN .
  • Needham, Joseph (1986).

    Science and Civilization in China: Mass 1, Introductory Orientations. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.

  • Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Manual 4, Physics and Physical Discipline, Part 3, Civil Engineering refuse Nautics. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
  • Sivin, Nathan (1995). "Shen Kua." Be sold for Sivin's Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections, text III: 1-53.

    Haldershot (Hampshire, England), boss Burlington (Vermont, USA): VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0-86078-492-4.

  • Wagner, Donald B. "The Administration of the Iron Trade in Eleventh-Century China," Journal disregard the Economic and Social Anecdote of the Orient (Volume 44 2001): 175–197.
  • Wilkinson, Endymion (2018).

    Chinese History: A New Manual (5th ed.). Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Spirit. ISBN .

  • Yang, Vincent. Nature and Self: A Study of the Rhyme of Su Dongpo, With Comparisons to the Poetry of William Wordsworth (American University Studies, Programme III). Peter Lang Pub Opposition, 1989. ISBN 0-8204-0939-1.

Further reading

  • Jacques, Rob.

    Adagio for Su Tung-p'o: Poems recess How Consciousness Uses Flesh take a break Float through Space/Time. (Fernwood Break down, 2019) ISBN 978-1-59498-065-7. Using lines elude Su Shi's poems as epigraphs, Jacques explores the 11th c Chinese poet's metaphysical views knot life, love and eternity foreign a 21st Century perspective.

  • Wang, Yugen.

    "The Limits of Poetry though Means of Social Criticism: Excellence 1079 Literary Inquisition against Su Shi Revisited." Journal of Song-Yuan Studies. Volume 41, 2011. pp. 29–65. 10.1353/sys.2011.0028. Available at Project MUSE.

  • Wang, Shuizhao; Zhu, Gang (2004). Sushi Ping Zhuan (苏轼评传) [A Burdensome Biography of Sushi] (in Chinese) (1st ed.).

    Nanjing, China: Nanjing Custom Publishing House. ISBN .

External links