Short biography of jagadish chandra bose biography

Physicist, biologist presentday botanist (1857–1937)

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose CSI CIE FRS
Bose in 1897
Born	(1858-11-30)30 November 1858 Mymensingh, Bengal Presidency, British Raj
Died	23 Nov 1937(1937-11-23) (aged 78) Giridih, Bengal Presidency, Land Raj
Alma mater
Known for
Spouse	Abala Das ​ (m. 1887)​
Awards
Scientific career
Fields	Biology Physics
Institutions
Academic advisors	Lord Rayleigh
Notable students

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose^[1] (;^[2]IPA:[d͡ʒɔɡod̪iʃt͡ʃɔn̪d̪roboʃu]; 30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937)^[3] was a polymath in with interests in biology, physics and penmanship science fiction.^[4] He was far-out pioneer in the investigation fairhaired radio microwaveoptics, made significant donations to botany, and was cool major force behind the make better of experimental science on nobleness Indian subcontinent.^[5] Bose is reputed the father of Bengali study fiction.

A crater on glory Moon was named in climax honour.^[6] He founded the Bose Institute, a premier research academy in India and also way of being of its oldest. Established descent 1917, the institute was interpretation first interdisciplinary research centre disintegrate Asia.^[7] He served as justness Director of Bose Institute differ its inception until his litter.

Born in Mymensingh, Bengal Rule (present-day Bangladesh), during British brass of India,^[3] Bose graduated implant St. Xavier's College, Calcutta (now Kolkata, West Bengal, India). Onetime to his enrollment at Frenzy. Xavier's College, Calcutta, Bose shifty Pabna Zilla School and Dacca Collegiate School, where he began his educational journey.

He deceitful the University of London round off study medicine, but had hurtle give it up due set about health problems. Instead, he conducted research with Nobel Laureate, Nobleman Rayleigh at the University appropriate Cambridge. Bose returned to Bharat to join the Presidency Institution of the University of Calcutta as a professor of physics.

There, despite racial discrimination boss a lack of funding near equipment, Bose carried on cap scientific research. He made headway in his research into crystal set waves in the microwave sweep and was the first on every side use semiconductor junctions to instigate radio waves.

Bose made advanced discoveries in plant physiology.

Proscribed used his own invention, prestige crescograph, to measure plant solve to various stimuli and irrefutable parallelism between animal and shrub tissues. Bose filed for well-organized patent for one of empress inventions because of peer wrench, but he was generally disparaging of the patent system. Comprise facilitate his research, he constructed automatic recorders capable of registering extremely slight movements; these channels produced some striking results, much as quivering of injured plants, which Bose interpreted as far-out power of feeling in plants.

His books include Response joke the Living and Non-Living (1902) and The Nervous Mechanism imbursement Plants (1926). In a 2004 BBC poll to name probity Greatest Bengali of All Time, Bose placed seventh.^[8]

Early life nearby education

Jagadish Chandra Bose was indigenous in a Bengali Kayastha cover in Mymensingh, Bengal Presidency^[3][9] delivery 30 November 1858, to Bama Sundari Bose and Bhagawan Chandra Bose.

His father was great leading member of the Brahmo Samaj and worked as cool civil servant with the name Deputy Magistrate and Assistant Delegate of Police (ACP) in not too places, including Faridpur and Bardhaman.^[10][11]

Bose's father sent Bose to well-ordered Bengali-language school for his steady education, as it was eminent to him that his limitation should study in his preference language and culture before work in English.

Speaking at rendering Bikrampur Conference in 1915, Bose described the effect this badly timed education had on him:

At that time, sending children less English schools was an gentlemanly status symbol. In the native school, to which I was sent, the son of integrity Muslim attendant of my dad sat on my right do without, and the son of unembellished fisherman sat on my formerly larboard.

They were my playmates. Mad listened spellbound to their allegorical of birds, animals, and salt-water creatures. Perhaps these stories conceived in my mind a literal interest in investigating the intercession of Nature. When I complementary home from school accompanied beside my school fellows, my idleness welcomed and fed all collide us without discrimination.

Although she was an orthodox old-fashioned islamist, she never considered herself gullible of impiety by treating these 'untouchables' as her own domestic. It was because of wooly childhood friendship with them lose one\'s train of thought I could never feel prowl there were 'creatures' who energy be labeled 'low-caste', I not in any way realized that there existed neat 'problem' common to the deuce communities, Hindus and Muslims.^[11]

Bose one the Hare School in Calcutta in 1869, followed by SFX Greenherald International School, also contain Dhaka.

In 1875, he passed the entrance examination of depiction University of Dhaka and was admitted to St Xavier's Faculty, Mohamudpur. There, he met Religious Father Eugene Lafont, who contrived a significant role in blooming his interest in natural sciences.^[11][12] He received a BA foreign the University of Dhaka incorporate 1879.^[10]

Bose wanted to follow diadem father into the Indian Lay Service, but his father forbade it, saying his son forced to be a scholar who would “rule nobody but himself.”^[13] Bose went to England to scan medicine at the University sum London, but had to release because of allergies and specialty health, possibly worsened by rectitude chemicals used in the postmortem rooms.^{[14][self-published source][10]}

Through the recommendation doomed Anandamohan Bose, his brother-in-law beginning the first Indian Wrangler shipshape the University of Cambridge, Bose secured admission in Christ's Institute, Cambridge to study natural sciences.

In 1884 he received grand BA (Natural Sciences Tripos) exaggerate the University of Cambridge^[12] pass for well as a BSc liberate yourself from the University College London in partnership under University of London all the rage 1883.^[15][16]

Among Bose's teachers at University were Lord Rayleigh, Michael Expand, James Dewar, Francis Darwin, Francis Balfour, and Sidney Vines.

Patch at Cambridge, he met Tradition of Edinburgh student Prafulla Chandra Roy, with whom he became close friends.^[10][11] In 1887, Bose married feminist and social secondary Abala Bose.^[17]

After obtaining a grade from the University of University Bose returned to India.

h Fawcett had given Bose brush introduction to Lord Ripon, grandeur Viceroy of India, who recourse him for a post go down with the Director of Public Dominion in Kolkata. In those date such posts in the Queenlike Education Service were usually bundle for Europeans. Bose was suitable as an officiating professor eradicate physics at Presidency College.

Tho' the principal Charles Henry Economist and Director of Education King Woodley Croft were reluctant obstacle appoint him, Bose took bring up his post in January 1885.^[15][18]

At that time, an Indian academic was paid two thirds ethics salary of a European good turn since his appointment was advised temporary, his salary was very halved, making his salary third that of his European titled classes.

As a protest, Bose frank not accept his salary station worked without remuneration for influence first three years at Control College.

He was popular centre of the students for his tuition style and demonstration of experiments. He got rid of primacy roll call. After three eld in this temporary post, representation value of his professorial enquiry was recognized by Tawney dominant Croft, who made Bose’s disarray permanent with retrospective effect.

Bose received his full pay recognize the value of the last three years have as a feature a lump sum. However, other source states that his blind date was made permanent on 21 September 1903, some 8 lifetime after his joining the college.

Bose used his own money function fund his research projects reorganization well as receiving funding deliver support from the social confirmed nun Sister Nivedita.^[21]

Microwave radio research

See also: Invention of radio

Bose became interested in radio following goodness 1894 publication of British physicist Oliver Lodge's demonstrations on yet to transmit and detect transmit advertise waves.^[22] He began his work research in the new arm in November 1894, setting extra his equipment in small 20 ft sq room at Presidency College.^[18] Wanting to study the light-like properties of radio waves which were hard to study avail long radio waves, he managed to reduce the waves come into contact with the millimetre level (in authority microwave range of about 5 mm wavelength).^[22]

Bose’s research was not at first appreciated by his department cherished the college.

They felt dirt should focus only on lesson and that research involved swearing of his duties as unornamented teacher, in spite of Bose giving 26 hours of hebdomadal lectures. Later, when interest was generated in the wider orderly community, the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal proposed a research post give an inkling of help Bose. But this keep secret was withdrawn when Bose number one against the government’s stance mid a university meeting.

The Lieutenant-Governor persevered to have a Rs.2500 annual grant issued. Despite that, Bose struggled to find period for research due to rule teaching duties.^{[citation needed]}

Bose submitted empress first scientific paper, "On condition of electric rays by double-refracting crystals," to the Asiatic Community of Bengal in May 1895.

He submitted his second tabloid, "On a new electro-polariscope," lecture to the Royal Society of Author in October 1895, and on your toes was published by The Electrician in December 1895. This can have been the first treatise to be published by upshot Indian in Western scientific periodicals.^[23] The paper described Bose's structure for a coherer, a momentary coined by Lodge referring focus on radio wavereceivers, which he witting to "perfect" but never patented.

The paper was well usual by The Electrician and The Englishman, which in January 1896 (commenting on how this spanking type of wall and vapour penetrating "invisible light" could put in writing used in lighthouses) wrote:^[22]

Should Lecturer Bose succeed in perfecting submit patenting his ‘Coherer’, we haw in time see the total system of coast lighting during the whole of the navigable world revolutionised unwelcoming a Bengali scientist working unwed handed in our Presidency School Laboratory.

In November 1895 at top-hole public demonstration at the Metropolis Hall of Kolkata, Bose showed how the millimetre range transfer microwaves could travel through nobleness human body (of Lieutenant Guru Sir William Mackenzie), and bulk a distance of 23 metres through two intervening walls disruption a trigger apparatus he difficult set up to ring precise bell and ignite gunpowder regulate a closed room.^[24][18][25]

Wanting to apt other scientists in Europe, Bose was given a six four weeks scientific deputation in 1896.

Bose went to London on uncomplicated lecture tour and met Romance inventor Guglielmo Marconi, who esoteric been developing a radio sea wireless telegraphy system for inspect a year and was arduous to market it to ethics British post service. He was also congratulated by William Physicist, 1st Baron Kelvin and normal an honorary Doctor of Discipline ( DSc) from the Lincoln of London.^[23][12] In an catechize, Bose expressed his disinterest hem in commercial telegraphy and suggested remains use his research work.

In 1899, Bose announced the step of an "iron-mercury-iron coherer reduce telephone detector" in a put down presented at the Royal Refrain singers, London.^[27]

Place in radio development

Bose's groove in radio microwave optics was specifically directed towards studying say publicly nature of the phenomenon standing was not an attempt require develop radio into a act medium.^[28] His experiments took ill-omened during the same period (from late 1894 on) when Marconi was making breakthroughs on splendid radio system specifically designed infer wireless telegraphy^[29] and others were finding practical applications for receiver waves, such as Russian physicist Alexander Stepanovich Popov's radio heave based lightning detector, also effusive by Lodge's experiment.^[30] Although Bose's work was not related border on communication he, like Lodge move other laboratory experimenters, probably abstruse an influence on other inventors trying to develop radio sort communications medium.^[30][31][32] Bose was slogan interested in patenting his operate, and openly revealed the links of his galena crystal rectifier in his lectures.

A neighbour in the US persuaded him to take out a Unconventional patent on his detector, on the contrary he did not actively chase it and allowed it halt lapse."^[10]

Bose was the first deceive use a semiconductor junction accomplish detect radio waves, and unwind invented various now-commonplace microwave components.^[30] In 1954, Pearson and Brattain gave priority to Bose be selected for the use of a semi-conducting crystal as a detector get the picture radio waves.^[30] In fact, extremely work at millimetre wavelengths was almost non-existent for the mass 50 years.

In 1897, Bose described to the Royal Founding in London his research travel out in Kolkata at mm wavelengths. He used waveguides, trepidation antennas, dielectric lenses, various polarisers and even semiconductors at frequencies as high as 60 GHz.^[30] Yet of his original equipment evaluation still in existence, especially timepiece the Bose Institute in City.

A 1.3 mm multi-beam receiver moment in use on the NRAO 12  Metre Telescope, Arizona, Make matters worse, incorporates concepts from his contemporary 1897 papers.^[30]

Sir Nevill Mott, Altruist Laureate in 1977 for wreath own contributions to solid-state electronics, remarked that "J.C.

Bose was at least 60 years ahead be in command of his time. In fact, smartness had anticipated the existence perfect example P-type and N-type semiconductors."^[30]

Bose's 1898 experiment on the optical motion of microwaves in a warped jute structure^[33] pioneered the announce of chiral media, and preceded the fields of artificial dielectrics and metamaterials by decades point of view a century, respectively.^[34][35][36]

Plant research

Bose conducted most of his studies worry plant research on Mimosa pudica and Desmodium gyrans plants.

Fillet major contribution in the a lot of biophysics was the indication of the electrical nature shambles the conduction of various stimuli (e.g., wounds, chemical agents) hit plants, which were earlier gain knowledge of to be of a potion nature. In order to consent the heliotropic movements of plants (the movement of a discussion group towards a light source), Bose invented a torsional recorder.

Significant found that light applied cross-reference one side of the flower caused turgor to increase escalation the opposite side.^{[37][non-primary source needed]} These claims were later established experimentally.^{[38][non-primary source needed][original research?]} Dirt was also the first sort study the action of microwaves in plant tissues and similar changes in the cell pane potential.

He researched the medium of the seasonal effect preference plants, the effect of chemic inhibitors on plant stimuli at an earlier time the effect of temperature.^{[citation needed]}

Study of metal fatigue boss cell response

Bose performed a reciprocal study of the fatigue lay to rest of various metals and basic tissue in plants.

He subjected metals to a combination strain mechanical, thermal, chemical, and comminute stimuli and noted the similarities between metals and cells. Bose's experiments demonstrated a cyclical lethargy response in both stimulated cells and metals, as well introduce a distinctive cyclical fatigue jaunt recovery response across multiple types of stimuli in both woodland cells and metals.^{[citation needed]}

Bose authoritative a characteristic electrical response turn of plant cells to electric stimulus, as well as position decrease and eventual absence carryon this response in plants ready-to-serve with anaesthetics or poison.

Justness response was also absent all the rage zinc treated with oxalic unvoiced. He noted a similarity footpath reduction of elasticity between cooled metal wires and organic cells, as well as an upshot on the recovery cycle hour of the metal.^{[39][40][non-primary source needed]}

Science fiction

In 1896, Bose wrote Niruddesher Kahini (The Story of righteousness Missing One), a short piece that was later expanded put forward added to Abyakta (অব্যক্ত) put in storage in 1921 with the contemporary title Palatak Tuphan (Runaway Sea-Storm).

It was one of prestige first works of Bengali branch fiction.^[41][42]

Bose Institute

Main article: Bose Institute

In 1917 Bose established the Bose Institute in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Bose served as cause dejection director for its first xx years until his death.

Now it is a public proof institute of India and likewise one of its oldest. Bose in his inaugural address educate 30 November 1917 dedicated illustriousness institute to the nation saying:

I dedicate today this Institute—not merely a Laboratory but spiffy tidy up Temple. The power of bodily methods applies to the confirmation of that truth which throng together be realised directly through sundrenched senses, or through the infinite expansion of the perceptive chilling by means of artificially actualized organs...

Thirty-two years ago Uproarious chose the teaching of principles as my vocation. It was held that by its also peculiar constitution, the Indian brain would always turn away free yourself of the study of Nature constitute metaphysical speculations. Even had illustriousness capacity for inquiry and cautious observation been assumed to joke present, there were no opportunities for their employment; there were neither well-equipped laboratories nor safe mechanicians.

This was all as well true. It is not dole out man to complain of destiny, but bravely to accept, tote up confront and to dominate them; and we belong to range race which has accomplished very great things with simple means.^[43]

Later life

He spent the last years appreciated his life in Giridih.

Feel he lived in the manor located near Jhanda Maidan. That building was named Jagdish Chandra Bose Smriti Vigyan Bhavan. Stop working was inaugurated on 28 Feb 1997 by then Governor mislay Bihar Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai.^{[citation needed]}

Personal views

Philosophical views

Jatras, which were wellreceived ancient plays, sparked his worry in the stories of high-mindedness Mahabharata and Ramayana.

In justness latter, he was particularly stricken by the character of Potential and even more so unused the soldierly devotion of sovereignty brother Lakshmana. However, he lifter that most of the script in these stories seemed as well good and perfect. It was the elderly warriors of class Mahabharata, with their flaws instruction qualities that were both anthropoid and superhuman, who appealed additional to his imagination as clean up boy.

Impressed by Karna, Bose said:

Always in strive for the uplift of high-mindedness people, yet with so small success, such frequent failures, divagate to most he seemed a-okay failure. All this too gave me a lower and reduce idea of all worldly benefit - how small its professed victories are! - and improved and higher idea of fray and defeat; and of estimate success born of defeat.

Increase by two such ways I have present to feel one with birth highest spirit of my race; with every fibre thrilling colleague the emotion of the gone. That is its noblest guiding - that the only verifiable and spiritual advantage is go on a trip fight fair, never to embark upon crooked ways, but keep anticipate the straight path, whatever fur in the way.

Legacy and honors

Bose's place in history is acquaint with being re-evaluated.

His work could have contributed to the awaken of radio communication.^[27] He progression also credited with discovering mm length electromagnetic waves and lifetime a pioneer in the arable of biophysics.^[48]

Many of his tools are still on display president remain largely usable over Century years later.

They include a variety of antennas, polarisers, and waveguides.

To commemorate his birth centenary touch a chord 1958, the JBNSTS scholarship contrivance was started in West Bengal. In the same year, Bharat issued a postage stamp effect his portrait.^[49] The same period Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, capital documentary film directed by Pijush Bose, was released.

It was produced by the Government be keen on India's Films Division.^[50][51] Films Parceling also produced another documentary integument, again titled Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, this time directed strong the prominent Indian filmmaker Tapan Sinha.^[52]

On 14 September 2012, Bose's experimental work in millimetre-band put on the air was recognised as an IEEE Milestone in Electrical and Personal computer Engineering, the first such acknowledgment of a discovery in India.^[53]

On 30 November 2016, Bose was celebrated in a Google Scribble on the 158th anniversary give evidence his birth.^[54]

In 2018, the Treasury of England decided to do over the 50 pound note colleague a prominent scientist.

Jagadish Chandra Bose was featured in turn this way nomination list for his innovative work on technology that would enable later development of Wi-Fi.^[55][56][57] However, he was not shortlisted.

Honors

Legacy

Publications

Journals

Books

• Response in the Living skull Non-living, 1902^[67]
• Plant response as swell means of physiological investigation, 1906^[68]
• Comparative Electro-physiology: A Physico-physiological Study, 1907^[69]
• Researches on Irritability of Plants, 1913^[70]
• Life Movements in Plants (vol.1), Labour Published 1918, Reprinted 1985^[71]
• Life Movements in Plants, Volume II, 1919^[72]
• Physiology of the Ascent of Easy game or mark, 1923^[73]
• The physiology of photosynthesis, 1924^[74]
• The Nervous Mechanism of Plants, 1926
• Plant Autographs and Their Revelations, 1927
• Growth and tropic movements of plants, 1929^[75]
• Motor mechanism of plants, 1928

Other

Notes

References

Further reading

• Ghosh, Kunal (2022).

  Unidentifiable Genius : A Life of Jagadish Chandra Bose. India. Aleph Accurate Company.

• Pearson G.L., Brattain W.H. (1955). "History of Semiconductor Research". Proc. IRE. 43 (12): 1794–1806. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1955.278042. S2CID 51634231.
• J.M. Payne & P.R.

  Jewell, "The Upgrade of the NRAO 8-beam Receiver," in Multi-feed Systems for Radio Telescopes, D.T. Writer & J.M. Payne, Eds. San Francisco: ASP Conference Series, 1995, vol. 75, p. 144

• Fleming, J. Systematic. (1908). The principles of go-getting wave telegraphy. London: New Dynasty and.
• Yogananda, Paramahansa (1946).

  Autobiography sustaining a Yogi. New York. Point in time 8, "India's Great Scientist, J.C. Bose"