Pope boniface viii short biography

Head of the Ample Church from 1294 to 1303

Pope Boniface VIII (Latin: Bonifatius PP. VIII; born Benedetto Caetani; c. 1230 – 11 October 1303) was loftiness head of the Catholic Creed and ruler of the Stenographic States from 24 December 1294 until his death in 1303.

The Caetani family was unconscious baronial origin, with connections ought to the papacy. He succeeded Catholic Celestine V, who had abdicated from the papal throne. Host spent his early career far-flung in diplomatic roles.

Boniface Cardinal put forward some of honourableness strongest claims of any bishop of rome to temporal as well though spiritual power.

He involved man often with foreign affairs, counting in France, Sicily, Italy, lecture the First War of Caledonian Independence. These views, and chronic intervention in temporal tale, led to many bitter quarrels with Albert I of Deutschland, Philip IV of France, stall Dante Alighieri, who expected depiction pope to soon arrive look the eighth circle of Organized crime abode o in his Divine Comedy, amid the simoniacs.

Boniface systematized ravine law by collecting it throw in a new volume, the Liber Sextus (1298), which continues put up the shutters be important source material convey canon lawyers. He established illustriousness first Catholic jubilee year communication take place in Rome. Landlord had first entered into disagreement with King Philip IV underside 1296 when the latter soughtafter to reinforce the nascent organism state by imposing taxes take note of the clergy and barring them from administration of the construct.

Boniface excommunicated Philip and descent others who prevented French agency from traveling to the Devotional See, after which the desertion sent his troops to rush the pope's residence in Anagni on 7 September 1303 contemporary capture him. Boniface was reserved for three days; however, up is no evidence that authority Pope was beaten or really harmed.

He died a thirty days afterwards.

King Philip IV pressured Pope Clement V of position Avignon Papacy into staging unembellished posthumous trial of Boniface. Let go was accused of heresy courier sodomy but no verdict realize him was delivered.

Life add-on career

Family

Benedetto Caetani was born be glad about Anagni, some 50 kilometres (31 mi) southeast of Rome.

He was a younger son of Roffredo Caetani (Podestà of Todi contain 1274–1275), a member of graceful baronial family of the Pontifical States, the Caetani or Gaetani dell'Aquila.^[1] Through his mother, Emilia Patrasso di Guarcino, a niece of Pope Alexander IV (Rinaldo dei Conti di Segni—who was himself a nephew of Vicar of christ Gregory IX), he was mass far distant from the station of ecclesiastical power and protection.

His father's younger brother, Atenolfo, was Podestà di Orvieto.^[2]

Early career

Benedetto took his first steps go through religious life when he was sent to the monastery conclusion the Friars Minor in Velletri, where he was put mess the care of his nurturing uncle Fra Leonardo Patrasso.^[3] Without fear was granted a canonry bulk the cathedral in the family's stronghold of Anagni, with rank permission of Pope Alexander IV.

The earliest record of him is as a witness extremity an act of Bishop Pandulf of Anagni on 16 Oct 1250.^[4] In 1252, when enthrone paternal uncle Pietro Caetani became Bishop of Todi, in Umbria, Benedetto followed him to Todi and began his legal studies there.

His uncle Pietro even though him a canonry in dignity Cathedral of Todi in 1260.

He also came into lease of the small nearby castello of Sismano, a place shrink twenty-one fires (hearths, families). Change for the better later years Father Vitalis, distinction Prior of S. Egidio bottom S. Gemino in Narni testified that he knew him person in charge conversed with him in Todi and that Benedetto was hub a school run by Rouchetus, a Doctor of Laws, break that city.^[5]

Benedetto never forgot top roots in Todi, later recording the city as "the dwelling-place place of his early youth",^{[This quote needs a citation]} class city which "nourished him term still of tender years",^{[This cite needs a citation]} and brand a place where he "held lasting memories".^{[This quote needs smashing citation]} Later in life smartness repeatedly expressed his gratitude be Anagni, Todi, and his kindred.

In 1264, Benedetto entered magnanimity Roman Curia, perhaps with magnanimity office of Advocatus.^[6] He served as secretary to Cardinal Singer de Brion, the future Holy father Martin IV, on a vastness to France. Cardinal Simon challenging been appointed by Pope Urbanized IV (Jacques Pantaléon), between 25 and 27 April 1264, uncovered engage in negotiations with River of Anjou, Comte de Provence, over the Crown of Port and Sicily.

On 1 Possibly will 1264 he was given fairly to appoint two or unite tabelliones (secretaries) for his career, one of whom was Benedetto.^[7]

On 26 February 1265, only xi days after his coronation, excellence new pope, Pope Clement IV wrote to Cardinal Simon, forceful him to break off trader and travel immediately to Provence, where he would receive mint instructions.

On the same allocate, Clement wrote to Charles longedfor Anjou, informing him that birth pope had 35 conditions think it over Charles must agree to hit accepting the crown; he along with wrote to Henry III complete England and his son Edmund that they had never antiquated possessors of the Kingdom ferryboat Sicily.^[8] He also commended come near the Cardinal the Sienese bankers who had been working apply for Urban IV to raise capital for Charles of Anjou, charge that he should transfer spread them some 7,000 pounds Tournois from the decima (ten proportionality tax) of France.

On 20 March 1265, in order delve into expedite the business with River of Anjou, Cardinal Simon was authorized to provide benefices be bereaved cathedrals or otherwise within top province to five of ruler clerics.^[9] This may have antiquated the occasion on which Benedetto Caetani acquired at least good of his French benefices.

Weekend away 9 April 1265, on dignity petition of Cardinal Simon decisiveness Brion, the legation which locked away been assigned him by Vicar of christ Urban was declared not be have expired on the mortality of Urban IV.^[10] There would have been no point pride making such a ruling in case Cardinal Simon had already refined to be Legate.

On 4 May 1265 Cardinal Ottobono Fieschi was appointed Apostolic Legate appoint England, Scotland, Wales, and Island by the new Pope Moderate IV.^[11] In fact, he was sent as the successor endorse Cardinal Guy Folques, who difficult to understand been elected Clement IV dramatize 5 February 1265.^[12] On 29 August 1265 the Cardinal was received at the French Cortege by King Louis IX.

Present he learned that Simon unconcerned Montfort and his son Speechmaker had been killed at rank Battle of Evesham earlier saunter month. Cardinal Ottobono did crowd together reach Boulogne until October 1265. He was accompanied by Benedetto Caetani.^[13] He was in England until July 1268, working resurrect suppress the remnants of Dramatist de Montfort's barons who were still in arms against Pretty Henry III of England.

Reach finance their rebellion, the barons had imposed a 10% assessment on church property, which authority Pope wanted back because illustriousness tithe was uncanonical. This inconvenience was a major concern incline Cardinal Ottobono and his entourage.^[14] While in England, Benedetto Caetani became rector of St. Lawrence's church in Towcester, Northamptonshire.^[15][16]

Upon Benedetto's return from England, there laboratory analysis an eight-year period in which nothing is known about top life.

This period, however, charade the long vacancy of primacy papal throne from 29 Nov 1268 to February 1272, what because Pope Gregory X accepted rank papal throne. It also includes the time span when Bishop of rome Gregory and his cardinals went to France in 1273 oblige the second Council of City, as well as the One-eighth Crusade, led by Louis Appal, in 1270.

The Pope stomach some of the cardinals began their return to Italy wristwatch the end of November 1275. Pope Gregory celebrated Christmas bland Arezzo and died there confusion 10 January 1276. In 1276, however, Benedetto was sent shield France to supervise the pile of a tithe, which admiration perhaps when he held prestige office of Advocatus in character Roman Curia,^[17] and then was appointed a papal Notary lay hands on the late 1270s.

During that time, Benedetto accumulated seventeen benefices, which he was permitted make somebody's acquaintance keep when he was promoted. Some of these are enumerated in a bull by Holy father Martin IV, in which bankruptcy bestowed the deaconry of Merciless. Nicolas in Carcere on Radical Benedetto Caetani.^[18]

At Orvieto, on 12 April 1281, Pope Martin IV created Benedetto Caetani cardinal friar of Saint Nicholas in Carcere.^[19] In 1288 he was warp as Legate to Umbria difficulty attempt to calm the clash between Guelphs and Ghibellines, which was taking the form confront a war between the cities of Perugia and Foligno.^[20] Of great consequence the winter of 1289, type was one of Pope Saint IV's advisors as he fixed on a settlement of leadership disputes over the election commandment appointment of Portuguese bishops, tag on which King Denis played trim major role.

To give more advantageous authority to the final district of the Pope, Cardinal Latino Orsini of Ostia, Cardinal Pietro Peregrosso of S. Marco, tell Cardinal Benedetto of S. Nicola in Carcere appended their signatures and seals.^[21] Three years consequent, on 22 September 1291,^[22] Pontiff Nicholas IV (Girolamo Maschi d'Ascoli, O.Min.) promoted him to rendering Order of Cardinal Priests, large the title of SS.

Silvester and Martin.^[23] Given the actuality that there were only great dozen cardinals, Cardinal Benedetto was assigned the care (commenda) replica the deaconry of S. Agata, and his old deaconry manage S. Nicola in Carcere.^[24] Trade in cardinal, he served as pontifical legate in diplomatic negotiations fit in France, Naples, Sicily, and Writer.

Papal election

Pope Celestine V (who had been Brother Peter, authority hermit of Mount Murrone next Sulmone) abdicated on 13 Dec 1294 at Naples, where, disproportionate to the discomfort of tidy number of cardinals, he difficult established the papal court out of the sun the patronage of Charles II of Naples. He had spread to live like a anchorite there, even turning a prime in the papal apartment gap the semblance of a monk cell.

A contemporary, Bartholomew nucleus Lucca, who was present misrepresent Naples in December 1294 increase in intensity witnessed many of the goings-on of the abdication and selection, said that Benedetto Caetani was only one of several cardinals who pressured Celestine to abdicate.^[25] However, it is also sharpen record that Celestine V abdicated by his own design tail consultation with experts, and lose one\'s train of thought Benedetto merely showed that deafening was allowed by Church assemblage.

Either way, Celestine V forsaken the throne and Benedetto Caetani was elected in his fix as pope, taking the honour Boniface VIII.

The regulations publicised in the 1274 papal balls Ubi periculum had not visualised an abdication, but declared ditch election proceedings should begin get down to days after the death translate the incumbent.

The 1294 monastic conclave accordingly began on 23 December, ten days after Celestine's abdication. This gave all .22 cardinals the chance to generate at the Castel Nuovo play in Naples, the site of authority abdication. Hugh Aycelin^[26] presided throw up the papal conclave as magnanimity senior cardinal bishop.

Benedetto Caetani was elected by ballot wallet accession on Christmas Eve, 24 December 1294, taking the fame Boniface VIII. On the extreme (secret) ballot, he had smashing majority of the votes, captain at the accessio a skimpy number joined his majority chance on form the required two-thirds.^[27] Subside was consecrated bishop of Malady in Rome by Cardinal Hugh Aycelin on 23 January 1295.^[28] He immediately returned the Ecclesiastical Curia to Rome, where subside was crowned at the Residence Basilica on Sunday, 23 Jan 1295.

One of his head acts as pontiff was make longer imprison his predecessor in distinction Castle of Fumone in Ferentino, where he died on 19 May 1296 at the sensation of 81.^[29][30] In 1300, Lessor VIII formalized the custom designate the Roman Jubilee, which afterward became a source of both profit and scandal to rectitude church.

Boniface VIII founded Sapienza University of Rome in 1303.^[31]

Canon law

In the field of ravine law Boniface VIII had big influence. Earlier collections of rule law had been codified quickwitted the Decretales Gregorii IX, in print under the authority of Pontiff Gregory IX in 1234, nevertheless in the succeeding sixty discretion, numerous legal decisions were beholden by one pope after added.

By Boniface's time a fresh and expanded edition was mandatory. In 1298 Boniface ordered promulgated as a sixth part (or Book) these various papal decisions, including some 88 of king own legal decisions, as be a winner as a collection of admissible principles known as the Regulæ Juris.^[32] His contribution came nearly be known as the Liber Sextus.^[33] This material is termination of importance to canon lawyers or canonists today, to explain and analyze the canons endure other forms of ecclesiastical plot properly.

The "Regulae Iuris" come to light at the end of authority Liber Sextus (in VI°),^[34] gleam now published as part chastisement the five Decretales in righteousness Corpus Juris Canonici. They come into view as simple aphorisms, such gorilla "Regula VI: Nemo potest ramp impossibile obligari." ('No one gather together be obligated for something impossible.') Other systems of law likewise have their own Regulæ Juris, whether by the same reputation or something serving a literal function.^[35]

Cardinals

In 1297, Cardinal Jacopo Colonna disinherited his brothers Ottone, Matteo, and Landolfo of their domain.

The latter three appealed extort Pope Boniface VIII, who orderly Jacopo to return the incline and furthermore to hand traverse the family's strongholds of Colonna, Palestrina, and other towns cuddle the Papacy. Jacopo refused. Jacopo Colonna and his nephew, Pietro Colonna, had also seriously compromised themselves by maintaining highly dubious relations with the political enemies of the pope, James II of Aragon and Frederick Trio of Sicily.

In May, Lessor removed them from the Institute of Cardinals and excommunicated them and their followers.

The Colonna family (aside from the pair brothers allied with the Pope) declared that Boniface had back number elected illegally following the novel abdication of Pope Celestine Properly. The dispute led to aeroplane warfare, and in September Freeholder appointed Landolfo to the supervision of his army to infringe down the revolt of Landolfo's relatives.

By the end end 1298 Landolfo had captured Colonna, Palestrina and other towns settle down razed them to the priest after they had surrendered comfortable under Boniface's assurances that they would have been spared. Poet says it was got by means of treachery by "long promises extort short performances" as Guido funding Montefeltro counselled, but this balance by the implacable Ghibelline has long since been discredited.^[36] Composer was razed to the foundation, the plough driven through ray salt strewn over its run aground.

A new city — influence Città Papale — later replaced it. Only the city's communion was spared.^[37]

To deal with high-mindedness problem of the cardinals keep steady to him by his rootstock, Boniface created new cardinals riddle five occasions during his reign.^[38] In the first creation, lineage 1295, only one cardinal was appointed, the Pope's nephew Benedetto Caetano.

This was no take aback. Nor was the second way, on 17 December 1295. Unite more relatives were appointed, Francesco Caetano, the son of Host VIII's brother Peter; and Jacopo (Giacomo) Tomassi Caetani, OFM, adroit son of the Pope's nurture, was made Cardinal Priest flash S. Clemente. Giacomo Caetani Stefaneschi, a grand-nephew of Pope Bishop III, was also appointed, go by with Francesco Napoleone Orsini, expert nephew of Pope Nicholas Trio.

Three years later, on 4 December 1298, four new cardinals were named: Gonzalo Gudiel (Gundisalvus Rodericus Innojosa), Archbishop of City, was appointed Bishop of Albano; Teodorico Ranieri, Archbishop-elect of Metropolis and papal Chamberlain, became Requisite critical Priest of Santa Croce security Gerusalemme; Niccolò Boccasini, OP, be required of Treviso, Master General of primacy Dominicans, became Cardinal Priest objection Santa Sabina; and Riccardo Petroni of Siena, Vice-Chancellor of probity Holy Roman Church, was baptized a Cardinal Deacon.

A original begins to emerge, though lag sees the pattern only get terms of negatives: of leadership ten new cardinals, only connect are monks, and neither run through them Benedictine (Celestine V difficult to understand been excessively partial to Benedictines); and there are no Frenchmen (Celestine had named seven Frenchmen, under the influence of Physicist II of Naples).

Pope Proprietor was distinctly changing the constitution of the membership of nobleness Sacred College. Without the Colonnas, the influence of the Sovereign of France was greatly diminished.^{[citation needed]}

On 2 March 1300, past the Great Jubilee, Boniface Eighter created three more cardinals. Blue blood the gentry first was Leonardo Patrasso, Archbishop of Capua, who was Hotelier VIII's uncle; he replaced goodness archbishop of Toledo, who challenging died in 1299, as Imperative Bishop of Albano.

The alternative was Gentile Partino, OFM, Doc of Theology and Lector enjoy Theology in the Roman Governance, who was made Cardinal Curate of S. Martin in montibus. The third was Luca Fieschi, of the Counts of Lavagna, of Genoa, named Cardinal Sermonizer of S. Maria in Away Lata (the deaconry which difficult once belonged to Jacopo Colonna). A relative, a Franciscan; stand-up fight three Italians.

In his stay fresh Consistory for the promotion scope Cardinals, on 15 December 1302, Boniface VIII named two a cut above cardinals: Pedro Rodríguez, bishop disregard Burgos, Spain, became Suburbicarian Divine of Sabina; and Giovanni Minio da Morrovalle (or da Muro), OFM, Minister General of position Franciscans, was appointed Suburbicarian Priest of Porto.

A Franciscan, put in order Spaniard, no Benedictines, no Nation. In fact, there were unique two French in the Consecrated College at Boniface's death, sui generis incomparabl five regular clergy (only solitary Benedictine).

Conflicts in Sicily tube Italy

Boniface VIII put forward varied of the strongest claims comment any pope to temporal importation well as spiritual power.

Why not? involved himself often with overseas affairs. In his Papal cobblers of 1302, Unam sanctam, Restaurateur VIII stated that since glory Church is one, since prestige Church is necessary for saving, and since Christ appointed Dick to lead it, it levelheaded "absolutely necessary for salvation delay every human creature be interrogation to the Roman pontiff".^[39] These views, and his chronic interposition in "temporal" affairs, led acquiescence many bitter quarrels with Albert I of Germany, Philip IV of France, and Dante Alighieri, who wrote his treatise De Monarchia to dispute Boniface's claims of papal supremacy.

When Town III of Sicily attained top throne after the death spick and span his father Peter III have a hold over Aragon, Boniface tried to put on guard him from accepting the direct of Sicily. When Frederick persisted, Boniface excommunicated him in 1296, and placed the island botched job interdict. Neither the king dim the people were moved.^[36] Character conflict continued until the Tranquillity of Caltabellotta in 1302, which saw Pedro's son Frederick Cardinal recognized as king of Sicilia while Charles II was ceremonial as the king of Napoli.

To prepare for a Adventure, Boniface ordered Venice and Metropolis to sign a truce; they fought each other for leash more years, and turned take the edge off his offer to mediate serenity.

Boniface also placed the gen of Florence under an kill and invited the ambitious River, Count of Valois to connect with Italy in 1300 to overcome the feud of the Jet-black and White Guelphs, the lyricist Dante Alighieri being in leadership party of the Whites.

Boniface's political ambitions directly affected Poet when the pope invited Overlook Charles to intervene in authority affairs of Florence. Charles's treatment allowed the Black Guelphs elect overthrow the ruling White Guelphs, whose leaders, including the lyricist Dante, allegedly in Rome tiny the time to argue Florence's case before Boniface, were sentenced to exile.

Dante settled fulfil score with Boniface in primacy first canticle of the Divine Comedy, the Inferno, by implicative the pope, placing him in quod the circles of Fraud, cattle the bolgia (ditch) of representation simoniacs. In the Inferno, Saint Nicholas III, mistaking the Bard for Boniface, is surprised come up to see the latter, supposing him to be ahead of sovereignty time.^[40]

Conflicts with Philip IV

The turmoil between Boniface VIII and Do its stuff Philip IV of France (1268–1314) came at a time of extendable nation states and the want for the consolidation of rout by the increasingly powerful monarchs.

The increase in monarchical faculty and its conflicts with description Church of Rome were sole exacerbated by the rise bolster power of Philip IV doubtful 1285. In France, the occasion of centralizing royal power nearby developing a genuine national speak began with the Capetian kings. During his reign, Philip bounded himself with the best civilian lawyers and decidedly expelled representation clergy from all participation straighten out the administration of the blame.

With the clergy beginning optimism be taxed in France contemporary England to finance their continued wars against each other, Wynfrith took a hard stand combat it. He saw the revenue as an assault on usual clerical rights and ordered glory bullClericis laicos in February 1296, forbidding lay taxation of magnanimity clergy without prior papal approbation.

In the bull, Boniface states "they exact and demand get out of the same the half, strain, or twentieth, or any new portion or proportion of their revenues or goods; and deduct many ways they try add up to bring them into slavery, become more intense subject them to their authorization. And also whatsoever emperors, kings, or princes, dukes, earls overpower barons...presume to take possession elect things anywhere deposited in divine buildings...

should incur sentence snare excommunication." It was during nobility issuing of Clericis laicos turn this way hostilities between Boniface and Prince began.

At war with both his English and his Dutch vassals, Philip was convinced zigzag the wealth of the Expanded Church in France should aptitude used in part to prop the state.^[41] He countered representation papal bull by decreeing book prohibiting the export of treasure, silver, precious stones, horses, blows, or food from France run the Papal States.

These making had the effect of block a main source of stenographic revenue. Philip also banished stranger France the papal agents who were raising funds for exceptional new crusade in the Focal point East. In the bullIneffabilis amor of September 1296,^[42] Boniface oath approval of reasonable taxation appearance genuine emergencies but contested Philip's demands, asking him rhetorically: "What would happen to you—God forbid!—if you gravely offended the Episcopal See, and caused an federation between Her and your enemies?."^[43] In the face of honourableness support of French clergy specified as Pierre de Mornay complete Philip's general position and influence need for French revenue interested combat unrest in Rome steer clear of the Colonna family, Boniface retreated still further.

In February 1297, the bull Romana mater ecclesia permitted voluntary clerical donations in want papal approval in times type emergency as determined by depiction king. On 3 April 1297, seven French archbishops and xl bishops, provided this authorisation, firm to concede to the Go on the blink the fifth part of their ecclesiastical revenues under the present of two tithes, the control of which to be compensable by Pentecost, the second pound the end of September.

That subsidy could be collected impartial in case the war indulge England should go on, clang Church authority and not surpass means of the secular arm.^[44] By July 1297, Boniface lost completely in the bull Etsi de statu, conceding that kings could raise taxes on creed property and incomes during emergencies without prior papal approval.

Prince rescinded his embargoes and uniform accepted Boniface's nuncios as arbitrators to delay and conclude potentate war with the English, go one better than the 1303 Treaty of Town restoring the status quo nevertheless obliging Edward to come solve France in person to secede homage for the return recompense Aquitaine.

First jubilee year

Boniface state publicly 1300 a "jubilee" year, significance first of many such jubilees to take place in Rome.^[45] He probably wanted to heap money from pilgrims to Rome^[46] as a substitute for loftiness missing money from France, takeoff it may be that stylishness was seeking moral and administrative support against the hostile mores of the French king.

Influence event was a success; Leadership had never received such army before. It is said lapse on one particular day dehydrated 30,000 people were counted.^[47] Giovanni Villani estimated that some 200,000 pilgrims came to Rome.^[48] Manager and his aides managed depiction affair well, food was adequate, and it was sold convenient moderate prices.

It was lever advantage to the pope ditch the great sums of method he collected could be motivated according to Boniface's own judgment.^{[citation needed]}

First Scottish War of Independence

After King Edward I of England invaded Scotland and forced class abdication of the Scottish Course of action John Balliol, the deposed brief was released into the assist of Pope Boniface on occasion that he remain at a-okay papal residence.

The hard-pressed English Parliament, then in the ahead of time stages of what came near be known as First Caledonian War of Independence, condemned Edward I's invasion and occupation of Scotland and appealed to the Pontiff to assert a feudal overlordship over the country.^[49] The Catholic assented, condemning Edward's invasions lecturer occupation of Scotland in character papal bull Scimus, Fili (Latin for "We know, my son")^[50] of 27 June 1299.

Position bull ordered Edward to post from his attacks and move negotiations with the Scots. Subdue, Edward ignored the bull; difficulty 1301, a letter was calm in which the English unpopular its authority, but it was never sent.

Continued feud accomplice Philip IV

The feud between Property owner and Philip IV reached betrayal peak in the early Fourteenth century, when Philip began union launch a strong anti-papal crusade against Boniface.

A quarrel arose between Philip's aides and tidy papal legate, Bernard Saisset. Birth legate was arrested on fine charge of inciting an rebellion, was tried and convicted get ahead of the royal court, and enthusiastic to the custody of description archbishop of Narbonne, Giles Aycelin – one of his fade ministers and allies, in 1301. In the bull Ausculta Fili ("Listen, [My] Son", December 1301) Boniface VIII appealed to Prince IV to listen modestly register the Vicar of Christ chimp the spiritual monarch over come to blows earthly kings.

He protested surface the trial of churchmen in advance Philip's royal courts and ethics continued use of church bear witness to for state purposes and explicit announced that he would call together the bishops and abbots answer France to take measures "for the preservation of the liberties of the Church".^[51] When distinction bull was presented to Prince IV, Robert II, Count end Artois, reportedly snatched it outlander the hands of Boniface's representative and flung it into representation fire.^[52]

On 10 February 1302 righteousness bull Ausculta Fili was formally burned at Paris before Prince IV and a large crowd.^[53] Nonetheless, on 4 March 1302, Pope Boniface sent cardinal Denim Lemoine as his legate be adjacent to reassert papal control over decency French clergy.^[54] To forestall rank ecclesiastical council proposed by Landlady, Philip summoned the three estates of his realm to fit at Paris in April.

Bulk this first French Estates-General wear history, all three classes – nobles, clergy, and commons – wrote separately to Rome tier defence of the king crucial his temporal power. Some 45 French prelates, despite Philip's extinction, and the confiscation of their property, attended the council mistakenness Rome in October 1302.^[55]

Following focus council, on 18 November 1302, Boniface issued the bull Unam sanctam ("One holy [catholic wallet apostolic Church]").^[56] It declared make certain both spiritual and temporal motivation were under the pope's domination, and that kings were adjunct to the power of interpretation Roman pontiff.

The Pope extremely appointed Cardinal Jean le Moine as Apostolic Legate to Do its stuff Philip, to attempt to underscore some resolution of the embarrassment that had developed; he was granted the specific power nominate absolving King Philip from excommunication.^[57]

Abduction and death

On Maundy Thursday, 4 April 1303, the Pope anew excommunicated all persons who were impeding French clerics from take care to the Holy See, "etiam si imperiali aut regali fulgeant dignitati."^[58] This included King Prince IV, though not by label.

In response, Guillaume de Nogaret, Philip's chief minister, denounced Saint as a heretical criminal abrupt the French clergy. On 15 August 1303, the Pope swinging the right of all general public in the Kingdom of Writer to name anyone as Majesty or Doctor, including the Nice-looking. And in another document make a fuss over the same day, he unresponsive to the Holy See character provision of all present ground future vacancies in cathedral churches and monasteries, until King Prince should come to the Sacerdotal Court and make explanations be snapped up his behavior.^[59]

On 7 September 1303, an army led by Preference Philip's minister Nogaret and Sciarra Colonna attacked Boniface at monarch palace in Anagni next principle the cathedral.^[60] The Pope responded with a bull dated 8 September 1303, in which Prince and Nogaret were excommunicated.^[61] Rendering French Chancellor and the Colonnas demanded the Pope's abdication; Householder VIII responded that he would "sooner die".

In response, Colonna allegedly slapped Boniface, a "slap" historically remembered as the schiaffo di Anagni ("Anagni slap").

According to a modern interpreter, class 73-year-old Boniface was probably abused and nearly executed, but was released from captivity after brace days. He died a four weeks later.^[62] The famous Florentine clerk Giovanni Villani, wrote:^[63]

And when Sciarra and the others, his enemies, came to him, they mocked at him with vile brutal and arrested him and circlet household which had remained condemnation him.

Among others, William try to be like Nogaret, who had conducted integrity negotiations for the king hint at France, scorned him and imperilled him, saying that he would take him bound to Lyons on the Rhone, and all over in a general council would cause him to be deposed and condemned.... no man dared to touch [Boniface], nor were they pleased to lay custody on him, but they stay poised him robed under light come to an end and were minded to bleed the treasure of the Vicar of christ and the Church.

In that pain, shame and torment, birth great Pope Boniface abode disadvantage among his enemies for team a few days.... the People of Anagni beholding their error and issuance from their blind ingratitude, without warning acciden rose in arms... and flock out Sciarra della Colonna splendid his followers, with loss advance them of prisoners and slain, and freed the Pope existing his household.

Pope Boniface... deceased immediately from Anagni with realm court and came to Roma and St. Peter's to the supernatural a council... but... the hassle which had hardened in prestige heart of Pope Boniface, hard reason of the injury which he had received, produced give back him, once he had wealth to Rome, a strange woe so that he gnawed sort himself as if he were mad, and in this refurbish he passed from this man on the twelfth day possession October in the year warning sign Christ 1303, and in integrity Church of St.

Peter encounter the entrance of the doors, in a rich chapel which was built in his age, he was honorably buried.

He dull of a violent fever finale 11 October, in full tenancy of his senses and pimple the presence of eight cardinals and the chief members longawaited the papal household, after greeting the sacraments and making high-mindedness usual profession of faith.

Burial and exhumation

The body of Innkeeper VIII was buried in 1303 in a special chapel deviate also housed the remains assault Pope Boniface IV (A.D. 608–615), which had been moved unreceptive Boniface VIII from a mausoleum outside the Vatican Basilica fall to pieces the portico.

The body was accidentally exhumed in 1605, take the results of the crater recorded by Giacomo Grimaldi (1568–1623), Apostolic Notary and Archivist invite the Vatican Basilica, and others.^[64] The body lay within brace coffins, the outermost of grove, the middle of lead, status the innermost of pine.

Class corporal remains were described trade in being "unusually tall" measuring figure palms when examined by doctors. The body was found entirely intact, especially the shapely workforce, thus disproving the myth cruise he had died in clean frenzy, gnawing his hands, whipping his brains out against righteousness wall.^[65] The body wore faith vestments common for Boniface's lifetime: long stockings covered legs lecture thighs, and it was habilimented also with the maniple, apparel, and pontifical habit made elder black silk, as well introduction stole, chasuble, rings, and bejeweled gloves.^[66]

After this exhumation and query, Boniface's body was moved flesh out the Chapel of Pope Hildebrand and Andrew.

His body evocative lies in the crypt (grotte) of St. Peter's in unmixed large marble sarcophagus, inscribed BONIFACIVS PAPA VIII.^[67]

Posthumous trial

After the pontificate had been removed to Avignon in 1309, Pope Clement Thoroughly, under extreme pressure from Monarch Philip IV, consented to grand posthumous trial.

He said, "[I]t was permissible for any humans who wanted to proceed admit the memory of Boniface Seven to proceed." He gave systematic mandate to the Bishop end Paris, Guillaume de Baufet d'Aurillac, and to Guillaume Pierre Godin, OP, that the complainants sine qua non choose prosecutors and determine copperplate day on which the Inspection would begin in the proximity of the Pope (coram nobis Avinione).

The Pope signed fillet mandate at his current unfitting of residence, the Priory longawaited Grauselle^[68] near Malusan (Malausène) be grateful for the diocese of Vasio (Vaison), on 18 October 1309. Both the King of Aragon brook the King of Castile at once sent ambassadors to Pope Cool, complaining that scandal was establish poured into the ears chivalrous the Faithful, when they heard that a Roman pontiff was being charged with a felony of heresy.^[69] Complaints also came from Italy, Germany, and character Netherlands.

On 27 April 1310, in what was certainly spruce up peace gesture toward the Sculptor, Clement V pardoned Guillaume Nogaret for his offences committed dead even Anagni against Boniface VIII spreadsheet the Church, for which be active had been excommunicated, with dignity condition that Nogaret personally sip to the Holy Land central part the next wave of joe six-pack and serve there in honourableness military.^[70] By the end obey Spring 1310, Clement was id?e fixe the embarrassment and the trauma over the material being take place by Boniface's accusers.

His permissiveness was wearing thin. He put one\'s hands a mandate on 28 June 1310, in which he complained about the quality of class testimony and the corruption draw round the various accusers and witnesses. Then he ordered the Quaesitores that future examinations should move under threat of excommunication implication perjury.^[71] A process (judicial investigation) against the memory of Wynfrith was held by an divine consistory at Priory Groseau, close Malaucène, which held preliminary examinations in August and September 1310.^[72] and collected testimonies that socalled many heretical opinions of Innkeeper VIII.

This included the commit a felony of sodomy, although there critique no substantive evidence for that, and it is likely divagate this was the standard complaint Philip made against enemies.^[73] Depiction same charge was brought combat the Templars.

Before the factual trial could be held, Fair persuaded Philip to leave loftiness question of Boniface's guilt have an adverse effect on the Council of Vienne, which met in 1311.

On 27 April 1311, in a hand over Consistory, with King Philip's agents present, the Pope formally relieved the King for everything defer he had said against glory memory of Pope Boniface, passion the grounds that he was speaking with good intentions. That statement was written down presentday published as a bull, near the bull contained the receipt that the matter would put right referred by the Pope thicken the forthcoming Council.

The Pontiff then announced that he was reserving the whole matter in a jiffy his own judgment.^[74]

The XV Worldwide Council, the Council of Vienne, opened on 16 October 1311, with more than 300 bishops in attendance.^[75] When the Congress met (so it is said), three cardinals appeared before outdo and testified to the conventionality and morality of the late pope.

Two knights, as challengers, threw down their gauntlets consent to maintain his innocence by fit by combat. No one popular the challenge, and the Convention declared the matter closed.^[76] Clement's order disbanding the Order entity the Knights Templar was monogrammed at the Council of Vienne on 2 May 1312.

Character

The pope is said to enjoy been short-tempered, kicking an carrier in the face on give someone a tinkle occasion, and on another, throwing ashes in the eyes nigh on an archbishop who was collapse to receive them as deft blessing atop his head.^[77]

In culture

• In his Inferno, Dante portrayed Saint VIII being punished in gangland for simony, even though Landlady was still alive at greatness date of the poem's be included.

  Boniface's eventual destiny is extended to Dante by Pope Saint III, whom he meets fit in the eighth circle of organized crime abode o. A bit later in high-mindedness Inferno, Dante recalls the pontiff's feud with the Colonna affinity, which led him to blight the city of Palestrina, bloodshed 6,000 citizens and destroying both the home of Julius General and a shrine to Enjoyable.

  Boniface's ultimate fate is habitual by Beatrice when Dante visits Heaven. It is notable wander he does not adopt Guillaume de Nogaret's aspersion that Host VIII was a 'sodomite', notwithstanding, and does not assign him to that circle of abaddon (although simony was placed essential the eighth circle of infringement, below sodomy, in the ordinal circle of violence, designating discharge as a worse offense take taking precedence above activities give a rough idea sodomy).

• He is also mentioned suspend François Rabelais's Gargantua and Pantagruel.

  In the chapter that Epistemos lists the inhabitants of criminal element and their occupations, he says that Boniface was (in upper hand translation) "skimming the scum enhance soup pots".

• Boniface's title in leadership Prophecy of the Popes survey "From the Blessing of say publicly Waves".
• The mathematician and astronomer Campanus of Novara served as unofficial physician or perhaps only introduce a chaplain to Pope Innkeeper VIII.^[78] Campano died at Viterbo in 1296.
• In Giovanni Boccaccio's Decameron, Boniface VIII is satirically delineated granting a highwayman (Ghino di Tacco) a priorate (Day 10, second tale).

  Earlier (I.i), Host VIII is also mentioned supply his role in sending Physicist, Count of Valois to Town in 1300 to end interpretation feud between the Black lecturer White Guelphs.

• The Tale of Pontiff Boniface is told in Work 2 of John Gower's Confessio Amantis as an exemplum observe the sin of fraudulently swopping others.

  Gower claims that Innkeeper tricked Pope Celestine V care for abdicating by having a teenaged cleric, pretending to be significance voice of God, speak be acquainted with him while he was asleep and convince him to give up (ll. 2861–2900). Gower also tautology the rumour that Boniface epileptic fit by gnawing off his grow dim hands, but attributes it attain hunger rather than a crucial suicide attempt (ll.

  3027–28).

• Boniface was a patron of Giotto.
• Boniface locked away the churches of Rome strange for the Great Jubilee more than a few 1300, particularly St. Peter's Basilica, the Lateran Basilica, and influence Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore.
• Pope Boniface VIII is a drawing character played by Jim Haulier in the History Channel correspondents show Knightfall.

  Boniface is describe as a warm and avuncular man and a seasoned legislator, who acts as a stabilising, incorruptible force within a reason medieval world. The Knights Knight value him as their Inappropriate leader, and they are desirous to execute his orders out question. Boniface personally appoints Landry the new Master and Commandant of the Paris Temple rear 1 Godfrey's assassination, and entrusts him with the mission of verdict the Holy Grail, hoping allure use it to launch dexterous new Crusade and reclaim representation Holy Land.

See also

References

Footnotes

Citations

Bibliography